PaceMaker Essay -- medical health heart disease

The PaceMakerI. Introduction Heart disease is among the leading causes of deaths each year. However, many people with flavour problems atomic number 18 increasing their longevity with pacemakers. A pacemakers main purpose is to keep the amount of money from billing too relaxly thereby preventing the problems associated with slow means rhythms (passing out, congestive heart failure, and death). Pacemakers are necessary because, while there are many medications that prevent the heart from going too fast, there are only a handful that make the heart beat faster. Medications that speed the heart rate are poorly tolerated and often associated with serious side effects. Pacemakers commence become a reliable means of helping people live longer and improve their lifestyles despite having a slow heart rhythm. The bodys natural pacemaker is a small mass of specialized cells in the top of the remediate atrium, or chamber, of the heart. It produces the electric impulses th at cause a heart to beat. A chamber of the heart contracts when an electrical impulse or signal moves across it. For a heart to beat properly, the signal must travel down a specific path to reach the ventricles. Natural pacemakers may be defective, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slowly, or irregularly. There may similarly be a blockage of the hearts electrical pathways. A pacemaker is a solution to these problems. II. Technical Description Patients require pacemakers for many diametric reasons. Most pacemakers are implanted to prevent the heart from beating too slowly0. Often, this slowness occurs because there is no cell in the heart that will beat fast enough to maintain proper function, or because there is a block somewhere in the electrical pathway which does not allow the electrical activity to spread to all of the necessary portions of the heart muscle. The underlying cause of this mishap may be scar tissue, most frequently from previous heart attacks. Someti mes it is simply caused by aging of the conduction system. Pacemakers come in different shapes and sizes. All of them are small and lightweight. Depending on the patients heart condition, the physician will prescribe the number of chambers to be paced and a specific kind of pacing. A single-chamber pacemaker paces either the right atrium or the right ventricle with one lead. Single lead pacemakers are used pri... ...ach manufacturer programs this function in a different but characteristic way. A sure magnet rate indicates the need for elective or immediate replacement for each model. Although pacemakers are useful life-extending devices, they are not foolproof. Many precautions must be taken for patients with pacemakers, including battery maintenance, avoiding microwaves, arc welding (which can create a high-energy field that can reprogram pacemakers), power-generating equipment, powerful magnets, and cellular phones. ReferencesCunningham, David et. al. National Pace maker Database. portion from Medical Devices Agency and The Department of Health. United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, 1996 1997. Pacemaker. Americanheart. Internet Explorer. Telnet. 17 Feb. 2008.Pacemaker Patients Use the cell phone, but with caution. Mayohealth. 22 May 1997. Internet Explorer. Telnet. 17 Feb. 2008. Pacemakers. HeartPoint. Internet Explorer. Telnet. 17 Feb. 2008.Sgarbossa, Elena B, M.D. Recognition of Pacemaker Failure. ASCA. Internet Explorer. Telnet. 17 Feb. 2008.Vigor. Guidant. Internet Explorer. Telnet. 17 Feb. 2008.

real life :: essays research papers

Real Life 101Everyone in high instruct anticipates the last day of their senior year. The day when high school is over and real life begins. I felt this day was the day I could be on my own. Get a full time job to support myself. Have no one telling me what to do or how to live. I could finally control my won life. Then it hit me. I cant live a comfortable life without a college education.The first thing I did after graduation was to go out and find a real job. I was sick of school and I just wanted to start a career I could hold until I retired. I got a job at a local car dealership, Toyota of Redlands, as a technician. My job include changing oil, rotating tires and any other maintenance related duties. I thought it would be a good start and I could work my way up through the ranks and become a master technician or maybe a service manager. I quickly realized that I only enjoy running(a) on cars in my free time, not when it was a requirement everyday. The pay also never increase s unless you go to a Toyota Tech School. As I mentioned in the beginning I was very sick of school and Tech School did not appeal to me.One day, my manager at Toyota took me aside and told me Kyle, you are one of our hardest workers on the lot and I know you could be manager material. In order to do that, you are going to have to go to our Toyota Certified Two course of study Academy. The dealership will pay for everything. Although this would have been a great career opportunity, making almost $200,000 a year, I really didnt want to go back to school. I also came to the conclusion that I did not want to work on cars for the rest of my life.After working for Toyota of Redlands for two years, I ground a new job at ABI/VIP Attorney Services in Redlands. The pay was better and I really did not want to do hard manual labor anymore. This job was exactly what I needed after working at Toyota. I was now sitting in an tonal pattern conditioned office with no physical exertion necessary. My job at ABI consisted of sitting at my desk and scanning files, reviewing files and emailing clients.

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among the Flight and Cabin

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among the Flight and confine clumpTABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT 4INTRODUCTION 5Background 5Purpose/Audience 5Sources 5Limitaions 5Scope 5COLLECTED DATA 5Importance of Communication Among the Crew 5Main Cause of Aircraft Accidents 6Duties of the Crew Members 7Expectations of the Crew 7The Crew is a Team 8Intimidatin in the Cockpit 8Cabin Crew is a part of the Team 9Trusting the Crews Judgment 9Crew Resource Management (CRM) 9Outline of CRM Training 10LOFT Training 10Organizing Resources and Priorities 11CONCLUSION 11Summary of Findings 11Interpretation of Findings 11REFERENCES 13ABSTRACTThe majority of aircraft accidents are caused by human error, and an accident orincident is linked unitedly by a chain of errors. Most of these accidents couldhave been avoided by the crew if they would have been communicating to eachother better. Some common errors that occur among the crew are short taskdelegation, assertiveness, and distractions. Crew tr aining in communication andteamwork will append the crews consummation level. Programs like Crew ResourceManagement (CRM) have been developed to try to help the crews work together andreduce the human factor in accidents. CRM includes training inleadership/followership, assertiveness, management, communication, teamwork,decision making, and task delegation. Through programs like CRM crews learn towork together as a team, and when they are working together it is less likely therell be an accident.INTORDUCTIONBackground     The cause for most aircraft accidents (65%) are by crew error (FAA News,1996). When the Crews performance level is low due to poor teamwork andcommunication this is when accidents happen. How can crew error be reduced? Eventhough human error cant be reduced completely through perpetual training andeffort by the crew performance will increase and accidents will be reduced.Purpose/Audience     This report is intended for a frequent audience and will show howimportant it is for the flight and cabin crew to work together and communicateas a team. This report will in like manner examine the CRM program.Sources     Sources have been obtained for this report from the Internet and fromthe Waldo Library, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich... ...grams like CRM are very helpful in instilling these principles andbreaking the bad habits. despicable attitiudes and habits cant be changed overnight.Thats why there is a need for recurrent CRM training. Communicaiton andteamwork is the key to safe and effective operations. Theres no "I" in CREW butthere is "WE".REFERENCESChute, R. D. & Wiener, E. L. "Cockpit/cabin communication I. A tale of twocultures." http//olias.arc.nasa.gov/personnel/people/RebeccaChute/JA1.htm..Oct 1996.Federal Aviation Administration. (1995) Crew resource management training (AFS-210, AC no. 120-51B). Washington, D. C.Nader, R. & S mith, W. J. (1994). Collision course The truth about airlinesafety. PA TAB Books.FAA News. "Atlantic coast airlines first to use FAA crew performance program."http//www.dot.gov/affairs/apa15596.htm. Sept 1996.Helmreich, R. L. "The evolution of crew resource management."http//www.psy.utexas.edu/psy/helmreich/iata96/htm. Oct 1996.Chute, R. D. & Wiener, E. L. (1996). Cockpit-cabin communicaiton II. shall wetell the pilot? The International Journal of Aviaiton Phychology, 6 (3), 211--229

Magnetic Fields of Stationary Magnets :: physics science magnet magnetic field

Missing figures/equationsMy goal in writing this paper is two fold. Goal one is to try and understand how a stationary magnet exerts force by means of a magnetic field (even across a complete vacuum). Frequently, electromagnetic fields are compared to the gravitative field. Goal two is to explore the similarities between the two types of fields to see if comparison throws any light on the mechanism of magnetic field generation. The limit action-at-a-distance is often use to describe forces that travel through space and exert their effect without directly touching the objects acted upon. Newtons idea of instantaneous action-at-a-distance has been replaced by the modern action-at-a-distance which is transmit at the speed of light so as to avoid conflict with Relativity Theory (Hoyle and Narlikar 1974). The stipulation field theory either replaces action-at-a-distance or is used as the means by which action-at-a-distance transmits force. In this paper field will represent the means of transmitting forces such as electromagnetism and gravity, avoiding the need for the term action-at-a-distance.Magnetic fields are frequently compared to gravitative fields. Gravitational fields cause a curved shape of space-time. That curvature of space-time provides a mechanism for the gravitational attraction between masses. A magnet also causes a curvature of space-time. In fact a magnet can cause space-time curvature in several distinct ways.

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- Postmodernism

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival For present-day(a) Westernparticularly Americanthought, there go been two prevalent theories, at polar ends of the spectrum. There is the intuitive feeling that there are absolute respectable forces, and there is the popular opinion that there are no set standards of judgment. some(prenominal) of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values. Consequently, most deal find their place somewhere moderately in the midst of the two. As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism. Postmodernism places at its substance that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations is the right one (Fish). Postmodernists f rankincense assign the label opinion to most qualitative concepts a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale. This is very egalitarian, allowing pot to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them. Even in light of the fundamentalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of modern America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century. After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated even upts (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a modern fundamentalist revival. The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, and postmodernisms invu lnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs. A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards and measurements cannot be completely disproven.Sources CitedFish, Stanley. Condemnation Without Absolutes. new-sprung(prenominal) York Times. A19. 15 Oct. 2001Halliday, Fred. Two Hours that Shook the World. London Saqi Books, 2002Rothstein, Edward. Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers. New York Times. A17. 22 Sep. 2001. Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- PostmodernismPostmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival For contemporary Westernparticularly Americanthought, there have been two prevailing theories, at polar ends of the spectrum. There is the belief that there are absolute ethical forces, and there is t he belief that there are no set standards of judgment. Both of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values. Consequently, most people find their place somewhere moderately between the two. As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism. Postmodernism places at its core that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations is the right one (Fish). Postmodernists thus assign the label opinion to most qualitative concepts a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale. This is very egalitarian, allowing people to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them. Even in light of the fundame ntalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of contemporary America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century. After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated events (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a new fundamentalist revival. The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, but postmodernisms invulnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs. A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards a nd measurements cannot be completely disproven.Sources CitedFish, Stanley. Condemnation Without Absolutes. New York Times. A19. 15 Oct. 2001Halliday, Fred. Two Hours that Shook the World. London Saqi Books, 2002Rothstein, Edward. Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers. New York Times. A17. 22 Sep. 2001.

Stephen Hawking Essay -- Stephen Hawking biography Essays

If you casually mention the name Stephen Hawking in conversation, you are likely to get a number of reactions from volume.Some people know him from cameo appearances in movies or TV shows like The Big Bang Theory. Others have leafed through his popular book, A Brief History of Time. spate recognize him as an outspoken representative for the disabled, and a leader of the scientific community.But how many people know him for his research? Professor Hawking has certainly lived an brilliant life, and he is an inspiring public figure.With all the distractions surrounding Professor Hawking, most people forget about the groundbreaking discoveries that he has helped develop in the comprehension of Cosmology.Through this essay, I hope to share some of his scientific work the reader. Like with any story, we must begin at the beginning.Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, just now 300 years after the death of Galileo.He came from a relatively modest background.His family di d have a rather strong academic tradition though.Both of his parents had attended and have from Oxford, and his father, Frank, was appointed Head of the Division of Parasitology at the National Institute of Medical Research after the end of World War II.His family lived in the small town of St. Albans.When Stephen was 10 he was sent to St. Albans School, a private school with an excellent academic reputation.Stephen was naturally gifted and remained near the top of his class.He ran with a small convention of friends who were all good students and they spent a great deal of time discussing intellectual matters.Hawking graduated from St Albans and was admitted to Oxford on a scholarship1. Many scholars are surprised to acquire that Hawking did his undergrad... ...agraph comes from White & Gribbin pgs. 175-182 15) The preceding paragraph comes from Hawking pgs. 139-146 16) The preceding quote comes from White & Gribbin pgs. 187-188Sources - Hawking, Stephen. (1988). A Brief H istory of Time. New York Bantam Books. (pp 191). - Hawking, Stephen & Ellis, George. (1973). The Large photographic plate Structure of Space-time. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. (pp 364). - White, Michael & Gribbin, John. (1992). Stephen Hawking A Life in Science. New York Dutton. (pp 293). - Hawking, Stephen. Does God Play Dice?. Public nark http//www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/dice.pdf - Hawking, Stephen. Space and Time Warps. Public Lecture http//www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/warp.pdf - Hawking, Stephen. The Beginning of Time. Public Lecture http//www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/bot.pdf

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 68-72

CHAPTER 68New York editor Jonas Faukman had just climbed into bed for the wickedness when the tele forebode rang. A little late for c eachers, he grumbled, picking up the receiver.An operators voice asked him, Will you accept charges for a collect c whole from Robert Langdon? Puzzled, Jonas turned on the accrue. Uh sure, okay. The line clicked. Jonas?Robert? You wake me up and you charge me for it?Jonas, release me, Langdon said. Ill keep this very on the spur of the moment. I really charter to do it. The multiple sclerosis I gave you. Have you Robert, Im sorry, I get by I said Id send the edits out to you this week, just now Im swamped. Next Mon sidereal day. I promise.Im not worried around the edits. I need to know if you direct any copies out for blurbs without telling me?Faukman hesitated. Langdons newest manu playscript an exploration of the invoice of goddess worship included several sections about Mary Magdalene that were going to raise some eyebrows. Although t he material was well documented and had been covered by differents, Faukman had no inclination of printing Advance Reading Copies of Langdons book without at least a few endorsements from serious historians and art luminaries. Jonas had chosen ten big names in the art world and sent them all sections of the manuscript a yearn with a polite letter asking if they would be pass oning to write a short endorsement for the jacket. In Faukmans experience, most people jumped at the opportunity to see their name in print.Jonas? Langdon pressed. You sent out my manuscript, didnt you?Faukman frowned, sensing Langdon was not happy about it. The manuscript was clean, Robert, and I valued to surprise you with some terrific blurbs.A pa usage. Did you send one to the curator of the Paris Louvre?What do you think? Your manuscript referenced his Louvre collection several times, his books are in your bibliography, and the guy has some serious clout for foreign sales. Sauniere was a no-brainer.The silence on the other end lasted a long time. When did you send it?About a month ago. I also mentioned you would be in Paris soon and suggested you ii chat. Did he ever call you to meet? Faukman paused, rubbing his eyeball. Hold on, arent you supposed to bein Paris this week? I am in Paris. Faukman sat upright. You called me collect from Paris? follow it out of my royalties, Jonas. Did you ever hear clog from Sauniere? Did he wish well the manuscript?I dont know. I confinent insofar heard from him.Well, dont hold your breath. Ive got to run, merely this explains a cud Thanks. Robert But Langdon was gone.Faukman hung up the phone, shaking his head in disbelief Authors, he thought. Even the sane ones are nuts.Inside the Range Rover, Leigh Teabing let out a guffaw. Robert, youre saying you wrote a manuscript that delves into a secret society, and your editor sent a copy to that secret society?Langdon slumped. Evidently.A cruel coincidence, my friend.Coincidence has nada to do with it, Langdon knew. Asking Jacques Sauniere to endorse a manuscript on goddess worship was as obvious as asking Tiger Woods to endorse a book on golf. Moreover, it was virtually guaranteed that any book on goddess worship would entertain to mention the Priory of Sion.Heres the million-dollar question, Teabing said, still chuckling. Was your position on the Priory favorable or reproving?Langdon could hear Teabings true meaning loud and clear. Many historians questioned why the Priory was still keeping the Sangreal documents hidden. Some felt the information should gestate been shared with the world long ago. I took no position on the Priorys actions.You mean lack thereof.Langdon shrugged. Teabing was apparently on the side of making the documents public. I simply provided autobiography on the spousal relationship and described them as a modern goddess worship society, keepers of the grail, and guardians of antiquated documents. Sophie run acrossed at him. Did you mention th e anchorperson? Langdon winced. He had. Numerous times. I talked about the supposed keystone as an example of the lengths to which the Priory would go to protect the Sangreal documents. Sophie looked amazed. I guess that explains P. S. Find Robert Langdon. Langdon sensed it was actually something else in the manuscript that had piqued Saunieres interest, wholly if that purloinic was something he would controvert with Sophie when they were alone.So, Sophie said, you lied to chief Fache. What? Langdon demanded. You told him you had never corresponded with my grandfather.I didnt My editor sent him a manuscript.Think about it, Robert. If Captain Fache didnt find the envelope in which your editor sent the manuscript, he would slang to conclude that you sent it. She paused. Or worse, that you hand- delivered it and lied about it.When the Range Rover arrived at Le Bourget Airfield, Remy drove to a small hangar at the far end of the airstrip. As they approached, a tousled man in wri nkled khakis hurried from the hangar, waved, and slid open the enormous corrugated metal door to reveal a sleek white jet within.Langdon stared at the glistening fuselage. Thats Elizabeth? Teabing grinned. Beats the bloody Chunnel. The man in khakis hurried toward them, squinting into the headlights. Almost ready, sir, he called in a British accent. My apologies for the delay, still you took me by surprise and He stopped short as the group unloaded. He looked at Sophie and Langdon, and then Teabing.Teabing said, My associates and I have urgent business in London. Weve no time to waste. Please prepare to depart immediately. As he spoke, Teabing took the pistol out of the vehicle and pass on it to Langdon.The pilots eyes bulged at the sight of the weapon. He walked over to Teabing and mouth, Sir, my humble apologies, but my diplomatic flight allowance provides unaccompanied for you and your manservant. I cannot take your guests.Richard, Teabing said, smiling warmly, two thousan d pounds sterling and that loaded gun say you can take my guests. He motioned to the Range Rover. And the unfortunate fellow in the back.CHAPTER 69The Hawker 731s fit Garrett TFE-731 engines thundered, powering the plane skyward with gut- wrenching force. Outside the window, Le Bourget Airfield dropped away with startling speed.Im fleeing the country, Sophie thought, her body forced back into the leather seat. Until this moment, she had believed her game of cat and black eye with Fache would be somehow justifiable to the Ministry of Defense. I was attempting to protect an innocent man.I was trying to fulfill my grandfathers dying wishes.That window of opportunity, Sophie knew, had just closed. She was leaving the country, without documentation, accompanying a wanted man, and transporting abound hostage. If a line of reason had ever existed, she had just crossed it. At almost the speed of sound.Sophie was seated with Langdon and Teabing beneficial the front of the cabin the fan Jet ExecutiveElite Design, according to the gold medallion on the door. Their plush swivel chairs were bolted to tracks on the floor and could be repositioned and locked around a rectangular hardwood table. A mini-boardroom. The honor surroundings, however, did little to camouflage the less than dignified state of affairs in the rear of the plane where, in a separate seating area near the rest room, Teabings manservant Remy sat with the pistol in hand, begrudgingly carrying out Teabings orders to stand guard over the bloody monk who lay trussed at his feet like a piece of luggage.Before we turn our attention to the keystone, Teabing said, I was wondering if you would permit me a few words. He sounded apprehensive, like a father about to project the birds-and-the-bees lecture to his children. My friends, I realize I am but a guest on this journey, and I am honored as such. And yet, as soul who has spent his life in search of the Grail, I feel it is my duty to warn you that you ar e about to step onto a path from which there is no return, regardless of the dangers involved. He turned to Sophie. Miss Neveu, your grandfather gave you this cryptex in hopes you would keep the secret of the Holy Grail alive.Yes.Understandably, you feel obliged to follow the trail wheresoever it leads.Sophie nodded, although she felt a second motivation still burning within her. The truth about my family. disdain Langdons assurances that the keystone had nothing to do with her past, Sophie still sensed something profoundly personal entwined within this mystery, as if this cryptex, forged by her grandfathers own hands, were trying to speak to her and offer some kind of resolution to the emptiness that had haunted her all these years.Your grandfather and three others died tonight, Teabing continued, and they did so to keep this keystone away from the Church. Opus Dei came within inches tonight of possessing it. You understand, I hope, that this puts you in a position of exceptional responsibility. You have been handed a torch. A two-thousand-year-old flame that cannot be allowed to go out. This torch cannot fall into the wrong hands. He paused, glancing at the rosewood box. I realize you have been given no choice in this matter, Miss Neveu, but considering what is at stake here, you moldiness either fully embrace this responsibility or you must pass that responsibility to someone else. My grandfather gave the cryptex to me. Im sure he thought I could handle the responsibility. Teabing looked encouraged but unconvinced. Good. A strong will is necessary. And yet, I amcurious if you understand that successfully unlocking the keystone will bring with it a far greatertrial. How so? My dear, imagine that you are suddenly holding a map that reveals the jam of the Holy Grail. In that moment, you will be in possession of a truth capable of altering history forever. You will be the keeper of a truth that man has sought for centuries. You will be faced with the responsi bility of revealing that truth to the world. The individual who does so will be revered by many and despised by many. The question is whether you will have the necessary strength to carry out that task.Sophie paused. Im not sure that is my decision to make.Teabings eyebrows arched. No? If not the possessor of the keystone, then who? The brotherhood who has successfully protected the secret for so long. The Priory? Teabing looked skeptical. But how? The brotherhood was shattered tonight. Decapitated, as you so aptly put it. Whether they were infiltrated by some kind of eavesdropping or by a spy within their ranks, we will never know, but the fact remains that someone got to them and uncovered the identities of their quaternity top members. I would not trust anyone who stepped forward from the brotherhood at this point.So what do you suggest? Langdon asked.Robert, you know as well as I do that the Priory has not protected the truth all these years to have it gather dust until eternit y. They have been waiting for the right moment in history to share their secret. A time when the world is ready to handle the truth.And you believe that moment has arrived? Langdon asked.Absolutely. It could not be more obvious. All the historical signs are in place, and if the Priory did not intend to make their secret known very soon, why has the Church now attacked? Sophie argued, The monk has not yet told us his purpose. The monks purpose is the Churchs purpose, Teabing replied, to eradicate the documents that reveal the great deception. The Church came at hand(predicate) tonight than they have ever come, and the Priory has put its trust in you, Miss Neveu. The task of saving the Holy Grail clearly includes carrying out the Priorys final wishes of sharing the truth with the world.Langdon intervened. Leigh, asking Sophie to make that decision is quite a load to drop on someone who only an hour ago learned the Sangreal documents exist.Teabing sighed. I apologize if I am pressing , Miss Neveu. Clearly I have always believed these documents should be made public, but in the end the decision belongs to you. I simply feel it is important that you begin to think about what happens should we succeed in opening the keystone.Gentlemen, Sophie said, her voice firm. To summon your words, You do not find the Grail, the Grail finds you. I am going to trust that the Grail has found me for a reason, and when the time comes, I will know what to do.Both of them looked startled.So then, she said, motioning to the rosewood box. Lets move on.CHAPTER 70Standing in the drawing room of Chateau Villette, Lieutenant ferrule watched the dying fire and felt despondent. Captain Fache had arrived moments earlier and was now in the next room, yelling into the phone, trying to coordinate the failed attempt to locate the missing Range Rover.It could be anywhere by now, collet thought.Having disobeyed Faches direct orders and lost Langdon for a second time, Collet was grateful that PTS had located a bullet hole in the floor, which at least corroborated Collets claims that a beam of light had been fired. Still, Faches mood was sour, and Collet sensed there would be dire repercussions when the dust settled.Unfortunately, the clues they were turning up here seemed to shed no light at all on what was going on or who was involved. The black Audi outside had been rented in a false name with false credit card numbers, and the prints in the car matched nothing in the Interpol database.Another agent hurried into the living room, his eyes urgent. Wheres Captain Fache? Collet barely looked up from the burning embers. Hes on the phone. Im off the phone, Fache snapped, stalking into the room. What have you got?The second agent said, Sir, Central just heard from Andre Vernet at the Depository Bank of Zurich. He wants to talk to you privately. He is changing his story. Oh? Fache said. Now Collet looked up.Vernet is admitting that Langdon and Neveu spent time inside his rely tonight. We figured that out, Fache said. Why did Vernet lie about it? He said hell talk only to you, but hes agreed to uphold fully. In exchange for what?For our keeping his banks name out of the news and also for helping him recover some stolen property. It sounds like Langdon and Neveu stole something from Saunieres account.What? Collet blurted. How?Fache never flinched, his eyes riveted on the second agent. What did they steal? Vernet didnt elaborate, but he sounds like hes willing to do anything to get it back. Collet tried to imagine how this could happen. Maybe Langdon and Neveu had held a bank employee at gunpoint? Maybe they forced Vernet to open Saunieres account and facilitate an escape in the armored truck. As feasible as it was, Collet was having care believing Sophie Neveu could be involved in anything like that.From the kitchen, another agent yelled to Fache. Captain? Im going through with(predicate) Mr. Teabings speed dial numbers, and Im on the phone with Le Bour get Airfield. Ive got some bad news. Thirty seconds later, Fache was packing up and preparing to leave Chateau Villette. He had just learned that Teabing kept a private jet near at Le Bourget Airfield and that the plane had taken off about a half hour ago.The Bourget re puzzleative on the phone had claimed not to know who was on the plane or where it was headed. The takeoff had been unscheduled, and no flight plan had been logged. Highly illegal, even for a small airfield. Fache was certain that by applying the right pressure, he could get the answers he was looking for.Lieutenant Collet, Fache barked, heading for the door. I have no choice but to leave you in charge of the PTS investigation here. pick up to do something right for a change.CHAPTER 71As the Hawker leveled off, with its nose aimed for England, Langdon carefully lifted the rosewood box from his lap, where he had been protecting it during takeoff. Now, as he set the box on the table, he could sense Sophie and Teabing leaning forward with anticipation.Unlatching the lid and opening the box, Langdon turned his attention not to the lettered dials of the cryptex, but preferably to the tiny hole on the underside of the box lid. Using the tip of a pen, he carefully removed the inlaid Rose on top and revealed the school text beneath it. Sub Rosa, he mused, hoping a fresh look at the text would bring clarity. Focusing all his energies, Langdon studied the strange text. The Da Vinci Code After several seconds, he began to feel the initial frustration resurfacing. Leigh, I just cant seem to place it.From where Sophie was seated across the table, she could not yet see the text, but Langdons inability to immediately identify the language surprised her. My grandfather spoke a language so obscure that even a symbologist cant identify it? She quickly realized she should not find this surprising. This would not be the first secret Jacques Sauniere had kept from his granddaughter.Opposite Sophie, Leigh Teabing felt ready to burst. Eager for his view to see the text, he quivered with excitement, leaning in, trying to see around Langdon, who was still hunched over the box.I dont know, Langdon whispered intently. My first guess is a Semitic, but now Im not so sure. Most primary Semitics include nekkudot.This has none.Probably ancient, Teabing offered.Nekkudot? Sophie inquired.Teabing never took his eyes from the box. Most modern Semitic alphabets have no vowels and use nekkudot tiny dots and dashes written either below or within the consonants to indicate what vowel sound accompanies them. Historically speaking, nekkudot are a relatively modern accession to language.Langdon was still hovering over the script. A Sephardic transliteration, perhaps ?Teabing could bear it no longer. Perhaps if I just Reaching over, he edged the box away from Langdon and pulled it toward himself. No doubt Langdon had a solid familiarity with the standard ancients Greek, Latin, the Romances but from the fle eting glance Teabing had of this language, he thought it looked more specialized, possibly a Rashi script or a STAM with crowns.Taking a deep breath, Teabing feasted his eyes upon the engraving. He said nothing for a very long time. With each passing second, Teabing felt his confidence deflating. Im astonished, he said. This language looks like nothing Ive ever seen Langdon slumped. Might I see it? Sophie asked.Teabing pretended not to hear her. Robert, you said earlier that you thought youd seen something like this in the first place?Langdon looked vexed. I thought so. Im not sure. The script looks familiar somehow.Leigh? Sophie repeated, clearly not appreciating being left out of the discussion. Might I have a look at the box my grandfather made?Of course, dear, Teabing said, pushing it over to her. He hadnt meant to sound belittling, and yet Sophie Neveu was light-years out of her league. If a British Royal Historian and a Harvard symbologist could not even identify the language Aah, Sophie said, seconds subsequently examining the box. I should have guessed. Teabing and Langdon turned in unison, staring at her. Guessed what? Teabing demanded.Sophie shrugged. Guessed that this would be the language my grandfather would have used. Youre saying you can read this text? Teabing exclaimed. Quite easily, Sophie chimed, obviously enjoying herself now. My grandfather taught me this language when I was only six years old. Im fluent. She leaned across the table and stock-still Teabing with an admonishing glare. And frankly, sir, considering your allegiance to the Crown, Im a little surprised you didnt recognize it.In a flash, Langdon knew.No wonder the script looks so damned familiarseveral(prenominal) years ago, Langdon had attended an event at Harvards Fogg Museum. Harvard dropout Bill Gates had returned to his alma mater to lend to the museum one of his priceless acquisitions eighteen sheets of paper he had recently purchased at auction from the Armand Hammar Estate.His winning bid a cool $30.8 million.The author of the pages Leonardo Da Vinci.The eighteen folios now known as Leonardos Codex Leicester after their noteworthy owner, the Earl of Leicester were all that remained of one of Leonardos most fascinating notebooks essays and drawings outlining Da Vincis progressive theories on astronomy, geology, archaeology, and hydrology.Langdon would never forget his reaction after waiting in line and last viewing the priceless parchment. Utter letdown. The pages were unintelligible. Despite being beautifully preserved and written in an impeccably neat penmanship crimson ink on cream paper the codex looked like gibberish. At first Langdon thought he could not read them because Da Vinci wrote his notebooks in an archaic Italian. But after studying them more closely, he realized he could not identify a single Italian word, or even one letter.Try this, sir, whispered the female docent at the display case. She motioned to a hand mirror affi xed to the display on a chain. Langdon picked it up and examined the text in the mirrors surface.Instantly it was clear.Langdon had been so eager to peruse some of the great thinkers ideas that he had forgotten one of the mans numerous artistic talents was an ability to write in a mirrored script that was virtually illegible to anyone other than himself. Historians still debated whether Da Vinci wrote this way simply to amuse himself or to keep people from peering over his shoulder and stealing his ideas, but the point was moot. Da Vinci did as he pleased.Sophie smiled inwardly to see that Robert understood her meaning. I can read the first few words, she said. Its English.Teabing was still sputtering. Whats going on? Reverse text, Langdon said. We need a mirror.No we dont, Sophie said. I bet this veneer is thin enough. She lifted the rosewood box up to a canister light on the wall and began examining the underside of the lid. Her grandfather couldnt actually write in reverse, so he always cheated by writing normally and then flipping the paper over and tracing the reversed impression. Sophies guess was that he had wood-burned normal text into a block of wood and then run the back of the block through a sander until the wood was paper thin and the wood-burning could be seen through the wood. Then hed simply flipped the piece over, and laid it in.As Sophie moved the lid closer to the light, she saw she was right. The bright beam sifted through the thin layer of wood, and the script appeared in reverse on the underside of the lid. Instantly legible. English, Teabing croaked, hanging his head in shame. My native diction.At the rear of the plane, Remy Legaludec strained to hear beyond the rumbling engines, but the conversation up front was inaudible. Remy did not like the way the night was progressing. Not at all. He looked down at the bound monk at his feet. The man lay perfectly still now, as if in a trance of acceptance, or perhaps, in silent prayer for delive rance.CHAPTER 72Fifteen thousand feet in the air, Robert Langdon felt the physical world fade away as all of his thoughts converged on Saunieres mirror-image poem, which was illuminated through the lid of the box. The Da Vinci Code Sophie quickly found some paper and copied it down longhand. When she was done, the three of them took turns reading the text. It was like some kind of archaeological crossword a riddle that promised to reveal how to open the cryptex. Langdon read the verse slowly.An ancient word of wisdom frees this scroll and helps us keep her scatterd family whole a headstone praised by templars is the key and at bash will reveal the truth to thee.Before Langdon could even ponder what ancient password the verse was trying to reveal, he felt something far more fundamental resonate within him the pulsation of the poem. Iambic pentameter.Langdon had come across this meter often over the years while researching secret societies across Europe, including just last year in the Vatican Secret Archives. For centuries, iambic pentameter had been a preferred poetical meter of outspoken literati across the globe, from the ancient Greek writer Archilochus to Shakespeare, Milton, Chaucer, and Voltaire bold souls who chose to write their social commentaries in a meter that many of the day believed had mystical properties. The roots of iambic pentameter were deeply pagan.Iambs. Two syllables with opposite emphasis. Stressed and unstressed. Yin yang. A balanced pair. Arranged in strings of five. Pentameter. Five for the pentacle of genus Venus and the sacred feminine.Its pentameter Teabing blurted, turning to Langdon. And the verse is in English La lingua puraLangdon nodded. The Priory, like many European secret societies at odds with the Church, had considered English the only European pure language for centuries. Unlike French, Spanish, and Italian, which were rooted in Latin the tongue of the Vatican English was linguistically removed from Romes propagan da machine, and therefore became a sacred, secret tongue for those brotherhoods educated enough to learn it.This poem, Teabing gushed, references not only the Grail, but the Knights Templar and the scattered family of Mary Magdalene What more could we ask for?The password, Sophie said, looking again at the poem. It sounds like we need some kind of ancient word of wisdom?Abracadabra? Teabing ventured, his eyes twinkling.A word of five letters, Langdon thought, pondering the staggering number of ancient words that talent be considered words of wisdom selections from mystic chants, astrological prophecies, secret society inductions, Wicca incantations, Egyptian magic spells, pagan mantras the list was endless.The password, Sophie said, appears to have something to do with the Templars. She read the text aloud. A headstone praised by Templars is the key. Leigh, Langdon said, youre the Templar specialist. Any ideas?Teabing was silent for several seconds and then sighed. Well, a heads tone is obviously a grave marker of some sort. Its likely the poem is referencing a gravestone the Templars praised at the tomb of Magdalene, but that doesnt help us much because we have no idea where her tomb is. The last line, Sophie said, says that Atbash will reveal the truth. Ive heard that word. Atbash. Im not surprised, Langdon replied. You probably heard it in Cryptology 101. The Atbash enroll is one of the oldest codes known to man.Of course Sophie thought. The famous Hebrew encoding system.The Atbash Cipher had indeed been part of Sophies early cryptology training. The cipher dated back to 500 B. C. and was now used as a classroom example of a basic rotational substitution scheme. A common form of Jewish cryptogram, the Atbash Cipher was a simple substitution code based on the twenty-two-letter Hebrew alphabet. In Atbash, the first letter was substituted by the last letter, the second letter by the next to last letter, and so on.Atbash is sublimely appropriate, Teabing said. Text encrypted with Atbash is found end-to-end the Kabbala, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and even the Old Testament. Jewish scholars and mystics are stillfinding hidden meanings using Atbash. The Priory certainly would include the Atbash Cipher as part of their teachings.The only problem, Langdon said, is that we dont have anything on which to apply the cipher.Teabing sighed. There must be a code word on the headstone. We must find this headstone praised by Templars.Sophie sensed from the minatory look on Langdons face that finding the Templar headstone would be no small feat.Atbash is the key, Sophie thought. But we dont have a door.It was three minutes later that Teabing heaved a frustrated sigh and shook his head. My friends, Im stymied. Let me ponder this while I get us some nibblies and check on Remy and our guest. He stood up and headed for the back of the plane. Sophie felt tired as she watched him go. Outside the window, the blackness of the predawn was absolute. Sophie fel t as if she were being hurtled through space with no idea where she would land. Having grown up closure her grandfathers riddles, she had the uneasy sense right now that this poem before them contained information they still had not seen.There is more there, she told herself. Ingeniously hidden but present nonetheless.Also plaguing her thoughts was a fear that what they eventually found inside this cryptex would not be as simple as a map to the Holy Grail. Despite Teabings and Langdons confidence that the truth lay just within the marble cylinder, Sophie had solved enough of her grandfathers treasure hunts to know that Jacques Sauniere did not give up his secrets easily.

Hrm Learning Log Essay

The first lecture that we had was basically explaining the module and gave a brief outline of what we be going to be studying end-to-end the year. We hence went on to discuss this in the seminar. Obviously there was not untold operate d unmatchable for this week as we were salutary taking eachthing in and coming to grips with what the module entailed. Lecture number two started off with a series of quotes with concourse defining administrational behaviour.I consider the organisational behaviour is genius of the just closely composite plant and perhaps least understood academic elements of modern general trouble precisely since it concerns the behaviour of people within organisations it is also one of the almost central as one of the most accurate and appropriate ways to describe organisational behaviour. The other two quotes were by no means inaccurate, but they were a bit brief and wouldnt tangiblely explain much if you were trying to tell somebody what organisation al behaviour was. This then brought us to the organisational iceberg, this is an interesting and key point.I save found a diagram from the internet to illustrate the iceberg I found this model very fascinating and the quote slightly what sinks a ship is very clever, because so much that goes on in an organisation is not seen. It is simply that an informal organisation is a looser structured flexible organisation with informal relationships and a formal organisation would be an opposite one with a planned structure with a hierarchy. Hugh put some definitions of organisational behaviour up and I read them and found that they were two fairly satisfying definitions although one was a lot to a greater extent detailed than the other.The side by side(p) lecture was very much defining what an organisation is, dis sympathetic pillowcases of organisations and how we define them. This was a fairly big lecture and there was quite a lot to take in I thought. What is an organisation? I agre e with the definition of JD Mooney that organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose, as well as Huczynski & Buchanans entity judgment because they argon short yet strong and easy to understand and I disembodied spirit that I would definitely be much managely to call in these definitions than Robbins definition for example, which sounds a bit much intricate.The next lecture brought us to something similar, giving us the chance to reflect on the organisational iceberg, and still defining organisational structure. I look intoed into rangy and flat organisational structures this week and found this diagram on the internet which helpers demonstrate how different organisations have different structures, and there is no better or worse structure, because each organisation requires a different structure. I found centralisation and decentralisation quite challenging, so I researched up the meanings to begin with on the internet.I found that centralisation is described as the form by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning decision-making, counterbalance concentrated within a particular location or group. Alternatively, decentralisation was defined as the process of dispersing decision-making g everyplacenance closer to the people and citizen. It includes the dispersal of administration or governance in sectors or areas like engineering, management science, political science, political economy, sociology and economics.These definitions helped me understand the table in the lecture slides easier. The matrix structure was also covered in this lecture. This beted a more complex structure where a lot of individuals are mixed together and each person may have to work under several managers at a time. For this weeks lecture we were given a SEMCO case study and some organisational charts to look at. We mouth about trying to define work and then got into small groups and came u p with our hold definition of work. It was very interesting how everyones opinions and definitions of work were so different.Although nearly everyone agreed that we work for money and for example in our group, we said that if you are not paid, for slip voluntary work, it is simply a hobby. We then went on to organisation theory and classical management. This focuses on then pith design of the total organisation. This is different to scientific management because that focuses on the design and management of individual jobs. This was quite a difficult lecture to fully address with over again a lot of information to take in.Through research I found that Henri Fayol was the main classical theorist and he proposed the functions such as technical commercial financial accounting security and managerial. He believed the latter to be slightly different to all the rest. In our lecture it said that management is a process of planning, organisation, command, coordination and control. I fou nd that Fayol was very influential to the modern concepts of management and proposed his own theory, called fayolism. I also discovered that there is a place of 14 principles of management that he devised and I found this quite thought-provoking.The lecture also told us about Taylorism, which is a scientific management theory. We then went on to Hawthorne studies, which I had previously learnt about in sociology at A level so I was fairly familiar with. Then it went on explaining that there is more to the work than just the pay, there needs to be a strong sense of belonging. I agree with this because I feel in todays society too many people are driven by money and instead of opting for being happy in life, they would rather have more money.I feel that the media makes people feel that they should put money before a sense of belonging and I dont presuppose that is right. In this weeks seminar we went back to organisational structures and charts. Our group discussed that the needs of all organisations are very different so there will always be different structures suiting different organisations. Bureaucratic structures were brought up and we spoke about how they were suitable for larger organisations rather than smaller ones, also how they tend to stick to a tall rather than flat structure.I found other structures such as a divisional structure, where they group organisational functions into different divisions. I then looked back over earlier lectures about defining work, and the extrinsic purposes which are essential yet do not reap the same intrinsic rewards where workers should have a good high level of job satisfaction. The occupational structure- this is shaped by several factors like bureaucracy, technology and the economy. Watsons patterns are key points for the subject of occupations and the structure of work because he points out the key elements.Mobility is seen as a key part of occupational structure and there are factors which positively and nega tively affect mobility. The next lectures brought us to organisational close there was a good quote to start the lecture saying that The ideologies, beliefs and deep-set values which occur in all firms. and which are the prescriptions for the ways in which people should work in those organisations. This got me opineing about organisation culture and what it was about. Organisational culture frequently refers to the collective patterns of behaviour, beliefs and values within an organisation.I also found a different definition of organisation culture saying that organisation culture is a set of values, often taken for granted, that help people in an organisation understand which actions are considered acceptable and which actions are considered unacceptable. Often these values are shaped in the course of stories. I feel that culture is probatively hard to define and measure. We covered socialisation in this lecture and it is quoted as getting ones hands dirty. I found that socia lisation is the main way humans start to obtain the skills needed to carry out their task of being a member of society.The largely basic look of culture is set up at the individual level. Through both learning and teaching is the how cultural and social characteristics achieve permanence. I believe that the better quote of this lecture was that to substitute an organisation in any significant or lasting way you need to change the values and beliefs that lie at the core. This brings us to the iceberg and the onion. The onion illustrates that the core is shielded by many layers, and you have to change everything right down to the bottom to make a significant change for the organisation.Through my research I found some different information as to what was in our lectures on the several different types of culture, such as person cultures and task cultures. Person cultures are basically an organisational structure in a business which is constantly changing and has no permanent foundat ion, no real formal role and no sole objective. Where all the people involved believe themselves to be superior to the organisation, because of this some of these organisations struggle to cope, but can do because of the certain expertise each different individual possesses.On the other hand, task cultures are often found in a matrix type organisation, where employees tend to have similar roles and responsibilities, they solve jobs as and it is often described as a business based around the high skills of an employee. More organisational cultures are power cultures, and role cultures. Power cultures I pretend are the most interesting because they are more or less based around one ultimate source, which everything revolves around and depends on.These are often found in small organisations and have little bureaucracy and a small number of rules. Role cultures is similar to that of a tall structure that I have spoken about earlier where there is a basic hierarchy of roles and power. In the seminar this week we spoke about different retailers and what kind of organisation structures they had. I found this seminar very enjoyable because we found out from each other in depth about what sort of organisations each company were and decided what frame they would be in and whether we would prefer to be in one or another.The next lecture was in general on change, I found this fairly weird because there were not many things I could relate to or understand so I just had to try and take as much in as possible. Although it brought us to again this man Charles Handy. He said that Less than half the workforce in the industrial world will be holding conventional full-time jobs in organisations by the beginning of the 21st century. Those full-timers, or insiders, will be the refreshing minority. This has obviously been proved correct to some extent, so Handy was right.Because of technology fewer and fewer people are needed from day to day in the industrial sector, because ma chines are replacing them. Today we again talked about the paradigm and how organisations all have different values and missions and how they go about them. I think the most powerful part of this lecture is the part where it says the only permanent thing is change. This is such a good quote because no matter change will never ever end, it cant. Yet everything else can. This is another one of those quotes that gets you thinking.I liked the 7-S framework part because it helps me remember all the very crucial reasons of change. This weeks lecture was on organisational change. This was different to previous lectures because I didnt feel there was much we could talk about. I researched more into organisational cultures again and found information on strong cultures and weak cultures. A strong culture is one where staff responds to stimulus because of their position to organisational values. In a strong culture, it is believed that the people do what they are told to do, because they thi nk that is the right way to do things.In a weak culture things are fairly different. They do it their own way and things would be pretty much the opposite. Research suggests that organisations with a strong culture will achieve the companies goals a lot easier than a weak culture they will also have higher levels of employee satisfaction, motivation and loyalty. We came on to leadership today, and spoke about management. It started with a man I was familiar with Max weber again because of A level sociology so I was intrigued to how he linked in with this element. We then came on to Fayols 14 principles of management.I decided to research into these 14 principles out of curiosity and it is proved that Fayols principles still have a big relevance to contemporary management, so do his 6 functions that I mentioned earlier, further most people these days like to only talk about 4 of the 6 functions that Fayol originally proposed and they have been slightly tweaked into planning leadin g organising and controlling. Taylorism popped up this week and we discussed the difference between the bosses and the workers, as Taylor says the bosses think as the workers do.Then onto other theorists such as Drucker, he proposed the five basic operations of a manager. I very much agree with these five operations because at my workplace it awaits that the managers are trying to set objectives, organise, measure, motivate and develop people. I think that managers are different to leaders. Yes some managers are leaders, but they are two completely different things in my eyes. As it says in the lecture slides managers plan, organise, direct etc, leaders envision, inspire, influence, leaders effect people more emotionally than managers do.We also spoke about how hard it is to describe leadership, who would we call a leader? How do we become a leader? These are all questions that I do not know the answer to. Yukl says that Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person over people.. to guide, structure and facilitate activities and relationships in a group or organisation I dont think that this is as good of a description as Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective effort, and cause willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose. By Jacob and Jacques because they seem to hit the nail on the head because I believe leadership is all about giving a meaningful purpose to effort and be willing to do anything to achieve your goal. I still very much agree with Yukls view on leadership because what he says is true but I dont feel it would give me anything that I can learn or think about whereas Jacob and Jacques I can. There were a lot of quotes in todays lecture, some I felt more powerful than others. They have taught me a lot about leadership, one being that it there is not a definition.I even googled it and there wasnt one. another(prenom inal) being leadership is what you make of it, from what I think will be different to what the next guy thinks, so I can understand why it raises so many controversies and discussions. I can understand why it proved virtually impossible to identify the particular traits that separate leaders from non-leaders. I believe that leadership is based on many things, personality being the main one. Many people would think you have to be at the top of the hierarchy to be branded a leader, for instance they would think of a manager of a leader.But a leader can be anyone, some people just possess a trait that makes them a natural born leader, for example a footballer that steps on the pitch and instantly tells everyone what to do, they all listen to him without question. Even though he may not be captain, he is the leader. In todays lecture we looked at technology, a new topic. Technology has played a massive part in how businesses operate as of recent years, I didnt find this as interesting a s the previous few weeks but there were still things I wanted to look up on. We also touched on leadership again this week. This week brings us onto personality.This lecture was one of the tougher ones because there was a lot of material I have never heard of before. I agree with everything Robertson and Smith have put forward because for instance if there was no variety in the tasks, or if there was no feedback given or no significance of the tasks, then the employees job satisfaction would certainly be lower, and I think it would be a hard job to try and make someone completely satisfied with their job in every aspect because nearly everybody isnt happy with atleast one aspect of their job. Our lecture this week was on motivation, learning about motivation was quite enjoyable.I find the American and chinese needs hierarcies quite interesting and how they differ. The american hierarchy has self-actualisation in individual development at the top whereas the chinese hierarchy has sel f-actualisation in serve well to society. This goes back to the collectivist and individualist cultures. I have found a slightly more detailed diagram of a hierarchy here Another big difference is that the sense of belonging is in the middle of the american hierarchy and it is right at the bottom of the chinese one, maybe because the chinese people see society as a whole more important.I also find Hertzbergs two factor theory quite interesting because of what he thinks motivates and de-motivates intrinsically and extrinsically. Today we looked at perception. I was quite amazed at how the mind perceives things and it sees what it wants to see instead of what it actually might be. The quote You see, thats the problem with you Jerry. You think were arguing, I think were finally communicating defines what perception is really about. You think you are doing one thing, yet you are doing another. throughout this year my favourite topic has definitely been leadership.I feel genuinely inte rested in this subject because it is so intriguing and there are so many talking points about it. I think one of the most meaningful and intelligent quotes I have ever heard has come from the leadership topic, managers do things right, leaders do the right thing. It has made believe that being a leader is such a good thing. Most people believably think managers are leaders, but they are really nothing alike what so ever, when you look into it in detail you realise. I particularly like how Bennis describes both Managers and leaders, saying that Managers ask how and when, leaders and what and why.Managers rely on people, leaders inspire trust. Managers focus on systems and structure, leaders focus on people, and so on. It is strange how they seem so true yet every one is the completely different. This proves surely that there is a real big difference between a leader and a manager. I was quite amazed at the perception topic though because it enlightened me slightly on how our minds a ctually work. Like the non-standard shaped polygon, I would never think it is one of those, yet that is what it is. Also the xs and os in alternating rows is clever. One of the least exciting topics I would say is organisational change.It was challenging yet quite boring and I didnt really enjoy the content in the lectures or the seminars around this time. One of the more tricky subjects I found was motivation. Although it was more interesting than most of the others, it was one of the hardest to understand and I found it hard to relate to this lecture because it didnt seem like there was much relevance to business in it. It is definitely an area I will need to revise more for my exam. I have also found writing this learning log challenging as I have never done anything like this before. But it is different I guess.

Emotions Research and Theories

Emotion is a feeling that causes physical and psychological changes as well as, influence sentiment and behavior. give cargon motivation emotion is categorized into three separate categories neurological, physiological, and cognitive. Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation (Cherry, 2010). Emotion is both an intrinsic and extrinsic reservoir of motivation. The emotions that we feel internally drive us like an instinct.Externally what we experience teaches us how to react in the future. The James-Lange hypothesis was an early theory individually discovered by two scientists in the 20th century, William James and Carl Lange. The James-Lange theory states that emotions happen because of physiological reactions to events. For example you are walking down the street and gain a person who wronged you in the past your teeth clench and you nostrils flare. The William-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude what emotion you feel. My face tightened therefore I am angry. ) The Cannon- Bard theory sought to dispel the William-Lange theory and stated that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as, trembling, sweating, and muscle tension simultaneously. Example- the toddler sees a affect with a needle and is scared so she cries. The cognitive arousal theory focuses on the interaction between the two arousal and cognition. The first experiment for this theory was created by Schachter& Singer in 1962.This theory focuses on two dimensions of emotion the quality and intensity. They believed that emotion was beatd with psychological arousal. When someone is aroused psychologically this dissolve conjure a variety of feelings. For example, anger, vexation, happiness, anxiety, or sadness depending on the intensity some kind of action will be produced behind these emotions. For instance, a student that lives in a dorm room alo ne she is just watching television then suddenly hears a struggle to get her door open.Immediately she feels fear and anxiety her next action will be determine by the intensity of her emotions. The arousal in this case would be everything she is thinking is it a burglary, she can get hurt in the process, or is someone there to hurt her. The first thing she grabs is a knife and some mace her father gave her in the first place leaving for college. Her second move would be to call 911. Therefore this scenario proves this theory is correct if there were not any psychological arousal there would not been any action (DeckersL. 2010).Category analysis is a way of analyzing emotion with the study of words associated with that emotion (Deckers, 2010). Category analysis assumes that the development of words happened to expose the emotional experiences of individuals (Deckers,2010), in other words, the reason for words such as love, hate, sad, happy, afraid, and angry is because each labels a distinctly unique feeling in a particular situation (Deckers, 2010. p. 317). These words exist because people have a bun in the oven experienced a specific feeling and associated that word to that feeling.To understand the different ways a person express his or her emotions Johnson-Laird and Oatley did a study of 590 English words meanings to classify each word into an emotion category, and words with similar meanings are sort unitedly (Deckers, 2010). One concern with their study was determining if a word used to describe a feeling was subjective. Though their research the results were categories of five elementary emotions, which are happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger.Happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger are words describe basic emotions (Deckers, 2010) Facial expressions are another research method used for uncover basic emotions. The thought in reference to facial expressions is that basic emotions have facial expressions is in accord with that emotion, s uch as a frown coincides with sadness (Deckers, 2010). Ekman and Izard reported, If there is no distinctive facial expression, then the corresponding subjective state should not be considered an emotion facial expression (Deckers, 2010, p. 18). Ekman along with Izard discovered that facial expressions together with emotions were precisely identifiable by people of differing cultures worldwide, which inspired Ekmans proposal of the six basic emotions along with the matching facial expressions. The six basic emotions that have recognizable facial expressions are surprise, happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger. The much dramatic the facial expression, the pisseder the emotion is for the individual.Lopatovska and Arapakis (2010), facial expressions, are the result of facial muscle contractions, which induce movements of the facial scratch and temporary deformations of the facial features, such as eyebrows, nose, and mouth (p. 5). For example, an individual usually expresses sa dness through his or her eyes, eyebrows, and mouth regions. Ekman asserts that in sadness, the inner corners of brows are cadaverous up, skin below the eyebrow is triangulated with the inner corner up, upper eyelid inner corner is raised, corners of lips are down or the lip is trembling (as cited in Lopatovska & Arapakis, 2010, p. 5).Facial expressions are a channel for emotions associated with the effect of the emotions, and serve as a universal language, which enriches the interactions between humans. Many studies of Facial Feedback Hypothesis simply put facial expression is the emotional responds to a persons emotional feelings. One does not cause the other, but both are in chemical reaction to an emotion stimulus (Buck, 1984, 1985). Viewing cartoons evokes smiles, laughs, and feelings of amusement (Decker, 1994). Unpleasant scenes such as traffic accidents and ritual suicides however evoke facial expression indicating that the feelings induced are unpleasant (Zuckerman et al. 1981).All are affects from an emotional stimulus but one does not have an effect on the other. The more intensified the stimulus the more intensified the facial expression. For example, if you find something funny you may just smile but, the funnier the situation the smile will eventually turn into laughter. The Event-Appraisal-Emotion Sequence can be broken up into four different emotion-inducing situations (1) different appraisal of different events can produce different emotions. 2) the same appraisal of different events can produce the same emotion (3) the outcome of the appraisal process elicits the involuntary unfolding of emotion (4) appraisal can happen both above and below the direct of awareness (Deckers, 2005). This simple says that first an emotion is introduced. Then that emotion is predetermining which way it should go, either negative or positive. After the emotion determines which way to go it starts to see which personal scheme, attitudes, or need it wants to disp lay.Last but not least the emotion is transformed in and affect which is a physiological response, expression, and or a behavior. In conclusion, emotion is something that we all have, some emotions are more noticeable than others and some are hidden, it can be physical and psychological, and influences behavior, emotions are a strong set of feelings that can change rapidly from person to person, emotions influence motivation and cause people to do what they do. There are many theories and hypothesis that see to explain emotion and try to understand why people feed off of three emotions.

Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care Essay

1.1 Define the following fibres of debauchPhysical hatred involving contact intended to exertion cutaneous sensess of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired familiar behaviour by one person upon a nonher. aroused/psychological abuse whitethorn involve threats or actions to cause mental or physical harm humiliation isolation.Financial abuse is the greenegal or unauthorised use of a persons property, money, pension book or other valuables.Institutional abuse involves failure of an organisation to provide grab and professional soul services to vulnerable people. It whoremonger be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour that amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, stereotyping and starchy systems.Self-neglect is a behavioural condition in which an single neglects to attend to their basic require, such as personal hygiene, appropriate clothing, feeding, or tending appropriately to each medical conditions they gather water.Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the perpetrator is responsible to provide c ar, for someone, who is unable to forethought for oneself, but fails to provide passable make out to meet their unavoidably. Neglect may take on failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical c are or other inevitably.1.2Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each type of abusePhysical abuse when you hurt Bruises, pres sure marks, broken bones, abrasions, and burns may indicate physical abuse or neglect.Sexual abuse can be bruises around the breasts or genital area, as well as undetermined bleeding around the genital area, pregnancy, STIs may be signs of sexual abuse.Emotional/psychological abuse can be unexplained withdrawal from normal activities, changes in behaviour and unusual depression may be indicators of emotional abuse.Financial abuse can be no money, food, clothes. Large withd rawals of money from the bank account, sudden changes in a allow, and the sudden disappearance of valuable items may be indications of financial exploitation.Institutional abuse can include poor care standards lack of positive responses to complex needs rigid routines inadequate staffing and an short knowledge base within the service lack of choice, man-to-manity.Self neglect can be bedsores, poor hygiene, unsanitary living conditions, and unattended medical needs may be signs of neglect.Neglect by others can be failure to take necessary medicines, go away a burning stove unattended, poor hygiene, confusion, unexplained weight loss, and dehydration may all be signs of self-neglect.1.3 depict factors that may contribute to an someone being more vulnerable to abuse If an individual is not mobile, is confused, has dementia, or is aggressive or challenging then this can increase the risk of abuse as the carer might not know how to deal with this, chance frustrated and might take it personally and abuse the individual.2.1 Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being treat If I suspected both kind of abuse I allow record the facts on appropriate paperwork and let my manager know.2.2 Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused If an individual alleges that they are being abused, I will record the detail of all allegations that the individual tells me using the individuals own words, I will not ask all questions or make any judgements about what I have been told. I will take the allegations seriously and reassure the individual that they are right to tell me as their safety is the most important. I will make sure that I record the date and time when the abuse was report it to the manager.2.3 Identify ways to ensure that indorse of abuse is preserved Record the facts immediatelyReport immediatelyDo not tamper with evidence3.1 Identify national policies and local systems that relate to sa feguarding and protection from abuse National policies Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, the Vetting and Barring Scheme run by the Independent Safeguarding pledge (ISA), Criminal Records Bureau, Human Rights Act 1998. Local Systems Safeguarding Adults Boards, Safeguarding policies and procedures for vulnerable adults.3.2 Explain the percentages of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuseSafeguarding Adults Boards characterThe overall objective of the board is to promote the quality of life of the vulnerable adults who are at risk of abuse and to progressively improve the services of those in need of protection The Police RoleServing the community, respect and protect human dignity and maintain and uphold the human rights of all persons. CRC RoleWe monitor, inspect and regulate services to make sure they meet fundamental standards of quality and safety and we publish what we find, including performance ratings to help people choose care.3. 3 Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuseOctober 2013 Police have arrested 7 care role players from the Veilstone superviseHome in Bideford in Devon over alleged abuse of people with learning disabilities. February 2011 Julie Hayden was designated safeguarding champion for the London Borough of Hounslows older peoples team at the time the thefts were reported, but failed to follow correct safeguarding procedures in either case.August 2012 The serious case review into events at Winterbourne View, near Bristol, comes after 11 ex-staff members admitted offences against patients3.4 Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse You can obtain information from Care Quality Commission, Local authority Adult Services Department like Social Services and Independent Safeguarding Authority. Can get advice on own role from my manager, care workers and my companys policies and procedures on safe guarding from the office.4.1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be contractd byWorking with person centred valuePerson-centred values include the individuality of the person, the rights of the individual, the individuals choice, the individuals privacy, the individuals independence, the individuals dignity and the individual being respected. Encouraging ready participationActive participation is a way of working that recognises an individuals right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as respectively as possible the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than a passive recipient. Promoting choice and rightsIndividuals are supported to make their choices in anything they want like in choosing food or drink, in what to wear, whether to use hot or cold water to bathe. No individual will choose what will hurt him or her therefore abuse is reduced to the minimum. Individuals rights are promoted throughout th e service. My service user has the right to do anything that they wish to do and if it is what they want as long as it is not dangerous a risk assessment is then done to stop any abuse happening.4.2 Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuseThe complaints procedure gives the complainant the right to be heard and supported to make their views known. An accessible complaints procedure is understandable and easy to use. It sets out clearly how to make a complaint, the steps that will be taken when the complaint is looked into. It also provides flexibleness in relation to target response times.An accessible complaints procedure resolves complaints more quickly as the complainant feels that they are being listened to and their complaint taken seriously. This sets up an open culture of making sure that abuse will not be tolerated in any form and encourages the complainant to not accept this.5.1 nominate unsafe practices that may affe ct the wellbeing of individuals Unsanitary conditions can spread infection as cross-contamination can occur and can affect the well-being of the individual and others. Dirty kitchen surfaces and equipment can spread infections. Improper hand washing can also pose a risk.Staff not recording in care plans about a service users wellbeing and health and not monitoring them. Staff not checking when a service user is ill or unsteady on their feet. In terms of health and safety not having risk assessments in place when a service user hurts themselves. leaving a service user on the toilet too long, ignoring or not listening to them.5.2 Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified If I identify unsafe practices, I must follow the whistle-blowing procedure and immediately report to my manager or if it involves my manager then to some other appropriate person.5.3 outline the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response If suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response or if it has to do with my manager then I will report to the next level or manager. If it has to do with my manager then I will report to management,then to the social worker and safeguarding team and to the care quality commission and even to the police depending on the response I get.Principles of conversation in adult social care settings.1.1 Identify different reasons wherefore people communicate?expressing and sharing ideas, feelings, needs, wishes and preferences obtaining and receiving informationgetting to know each other1.2 Explain how effective communication effects all aspects of working in adult social care settings? service provisionteamworkparticipation, support and trustempathy and shared understandingrecording and reporting1.3 Explain why it is important to bring out an individuals reactions when communicating with themto understand what an individual i s trying to expressto meet the individuals needsto identify any changes in an individuals needsto enable effective communication2.1 Explain why it is important to find out an individuals communication and dustup needs, wishes and preferencesAn individual is someone requiring care or supportPreferences may be based onbeliefsvaluescultureImportance of finding out an individuals needs, wishes and preferences may includeto enable effective communicationto understand what an individual is trying to expressto understand an individuals needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture to avoid the individual feeling excludedto avoid the individual becoming distressed, frustrated or frightened to support the individual to be fully involved in their daily life2.2 bring out a range of communication methodsCommunication methods includeNon-verbal communication pen wordsfacial expressionseye contacttouchphysical gesturesbody languagebehaviourgesturesvisual aids e.g. flash cards, pictures, symbolsVerb al communicationvocabularylinguistic tonepitch3.1 Identify barriers to communicationBarriers may includenot understanding or being aware of an individuals needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture not making communication aids available or checking they are workinga noisy purlieuan uncomfortable environment e.g. lighting, temperature a lack ofprivacydifferent language, use of jargon3.2 Describe ways to reduce barriers to communicationWays to reduce barriers may includeunderstanding and being aware of an individuals needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture supporting individuals to communicate their needsavoiding using jargon in written documents and when speaking speaking slowly and clearlyensuring communication aids are available and working properly wake you are listening and interestedproviding a quiet and private environmentmaking sure the environment is comfortable3.3 Describe ways to check that communication has been understoodWays to check may includeobserving the person you are communicating withreading facial expressions and body languagechecking with the individual that they have understoodasking questions, re-phrasingconsulting others3.4 Identify sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communicationSources of information and support may includeindividuals care planindividuals communication profileindividuals communication passportindividual themselvescolleagueskey workertranslatorinterpreter legal transfer and language therapistadvocatefamily or carersServices may includetranslation servicesinterpreting services linguistic communication and language servicesadvocacy services4.1 Define the term confidentialityMeaning of confidentiality may includekeeping information private and safepassing on private information with the individuals permission only passing on information to others who have a right to it and need to know it4.2 Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communicationWays of maintaining confidentiality may includekeeping written records safenot leaving written records in places where others might see ensuring confidential information is passed on only to others who have a right to it and who need to know itpassword protecting electronic fileschecking the identity of the person before passing on information not discussing personal information about individuals outside of work providing a private environment4.3 Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be shared with agreed othersSituations may includewhen working with otherswhen a deplorable act has taken placewhen an individual or another person is at risk of danger, harm or abuse when an individual or another person is being placed in danger, harmed or abusedAgreed others may includecolleaguessocial workeroccupational therapistGPspeech and language therapistphysiotherapistpharmacistnursespecialist nursepsychologistpsychiatristadvocatedementia care advisorfamily or carers4.4 Explain how and when to examine advice about confidentialityHow to seek advice may include the organisations confidentiality policyspeaking with the managerWhen to seek advice may include whenconfidential information needs to be shared with agreed others clarification is needed

Infant/Early Childhood Naturalistic Observation Essay

I observed a classroom of four-year-old students who be enrolled at the Child learning Center on the George Mason University campus. This observation lasted about fifteen minutes with a total of twelve students in the classroom. At the time of my observation the students were lovable in free solvetime where they are allowed to play games, make crafts, and interact with their fellow classmates. I was seated in the corner of the classroom where the children could not tardily let on me or get distracted by me. I stayed seated throughout the whole observation so the students would not be affected by my presence. Many different activities were happening at the same time, but a couple standout situations reminded me of many subject areas we focused on in class. atomic number 53 crabby observation was the various styles of play the students were engaging in. About half of the students were engaging in constructive play while the others were engaging in dramatic play. reconstructive play is characterized by the act of creating or constructing something while dramatic, or make-believe play, is characterized by acting out everyday and imaginary roles (Berk, 2010, p262). The two play styles are very common in children around the age of four.There were about five children performing house. In the family there was a child pretending to be the mommy, the daddy, the older brother, the upstarter sister, and the puppy. The mommy was making dinner while the daddy was watching television and supervising the children while they did their homework. The teenage girl who was acting as the puppy gave out a few occasional ruffs to make her presence known. The young girl, who assumed her role as the mother, yelled out dinners ready. The two young kids pretending to be the children stopped doing homework and sat down at the dinner table. The young girl playing the mom sternly said to her children be careful, the food is very hot. It just came out of the oven. They continued th is story for the remainder of my observation with various story lines and new characters added to the story. This scenario depicts the perfect explanation of the type of play style described as dramatic play.Dramatic play permits children to fit the reality of the world into their own interests and knowledge. One of the purest forms of symbolic thought available to young children, dramatic play, contributes strongly to theintellectual development of children. Young children learn by imagining and doing and dramatic play allows them to do so. Dramatic play also promotes the use of utter and listening skills. When children take part in this type of play, they practice words they have heard others say, and realize that they must listen to what other players say in order to be able to respond in an appropriate fashion. This style of play also promotes the development of social skills through interaction with others, peers or adults, which is a necessary factor in a childs future.While some children were playing house others were taking part in constructive play. In this stage, toddlers have a deep understanding of what various objects can do and will now try to build things with the toys and everyday objects they find around them. One child had a box of blocks and was building a train railing. Once he finished he assembled a line of trains to ride along the track he had just built. He repeatedly made noises that trains usually make such as choo-choo. Other children were interlocking Lego blocks and creating various structures while some were playing with play-dough and sculpting whatever came to their mind. When toddlers play with these open-ended materials, they have the chance to build many different skills. These could include using art materials to create a picture or project giving toddlers practice using fine motor skills that they need to write and perform tasks that they will need for the rest of their lives. You may never designate that the different s tyles of play a child engages in effects them or their future, but when you look deeper into the various cognitive and motor developments these plays enhance you can see that it is very important for all children to participate in these behaviors.ReferencesBerk, L. (2010). Development Through The Lifespan. (5th Edition). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.

Financial Aid Appeal Essay

First year of college was very challenging to me yet I was salve wasnt ready for the courses that I chose. My goal was to obtain an a degree maybe, i havent decided yet, and then i wanted to tape transport to a 4 year institute to obtain a B.A Degree. My educational goal was to be majoring in an unknown field to many.In Fall 2009 I chose courses I have since realized were too difficult for a first-time student and I became overwhelmed. Having had no prior experience with college-level life, courses, and exams. I was not sure what to forebode and learned that my study techniques lacking, resulting in poor grades. I also failed to attend the review sessions, did not seek assistance from my professor or tutoring help, and as a result I failed my courses.Due to these circumstances I have been rendered ineligible to receive financial sanction. Without financial aid I leaveing be ineffectual to continue my education because I cannot afford the cost of supplies, fees, transportation, and personal expenses. Receiving financial aid will allow me more time to study properly. Without it, I will be forced to take time away from my studies in order to work. My academics are my first priority now and I realize I pick out to devote all of my time to them in order to be successful in the futureI recently evaluated my plans to improve my academic. I have impelled the following points to be the keys to my educational success.1. I will balance the course choices better.2. I will manage my time wisely on academics.3. I will seek assistance with my coursework when I have difficulties. 4. I will maintain communication with my professors on a regular basis to ensure success in my courses 5. Complete classes C or better.I understand the expectation better now and I am doing well in my coursework this semester with currently all going away grades. I have make a huge improvement and I am determined to pass every class this semester. Although I have made great improvements, with out financial aid I fear I will find myself struggling to succeed once again. I hope those of the financial aid committee who read this will give me a second chance to help me accomplish my goals and reach success for the rest of my time at college. give thanks you for allowing me the opportunity to explain my financial circumstances. I look forward to hearing about your decision.Sincerely,Any correction/improvement needed? thanks

Australian Aboriginal Dot Art Essay

primaeval imposture has been overshadowed by the idea that it is primarily presented in sparges. It has got to the point where heap believe that certain pristine tidy sum own the dot and artists both fundamental and non- primal atomic number 18 hesitant to use consecutive dots within ar cardinalrk. Explain how the above has evolved and where dot art has come from percentage point scenes today ar recognised globally as unique and integral to Australian aborigine art. On the get up the dot is simply a style of Aboriginal characterisation, like the use of cross-hatching or stencil art.Exploring deeper into the archives of the Aboriginal dot exposure a world of camouflage, secrecy and ritual is discovered. The term dot pictorial matter stems from what the western sandwich eye detects when faced with contemporary Aboriginal acrylic flicks. This painting style arose from the Papunya art front line in the 1970s. Papunya Tula artists employ a process which originally mirrored traditionalistic spiritual ceremonies. In such(prenominal) rituals the soil would be cle ard and smoothed over as a bed sheet (much like the dark, sodding(a) boards used by the Papunya Tala) for the inscription of sacred designs, replicating efforts of ancestral beings upon earth.These Dreaming designs were offlined with dancing circles and often adjoin with a mass of dots. Afterward the imprinted earth would be smoothed over, painted bodies rubbed away, masking the sacred-secrets which had taken place. This ritual was shifted from ground to canvas by the Papunya Tula who eventually added an array of rude(a)ly produced colours to the restricted palette of red, yellow, unforgiving and white produced from ochre, charcoal and pipe clay. Such pieces reveal a map of circles, spirals, lines, dashes and dots, the traditional visual quarrel of the Western Desert Aboriginal People.However these marks were permanent and due to arising interest made public, creating sexual p olitical uproar. Consequently representations of sacred objects were forbidden or c integrity timealed through the dotting technique. Now that the collecting of pieces of Aboriginal art has become so popular world-wide, a common, mistaken belief is that the Dot icon expression of cardinal Australia is a recent development. This belief arises because it was in the 1960s that a Central Australian crop teacher encouraged the old men of the tribe to record their art on European sheets of board, development acrylic paints.This use of acrylic paints on flat board dates from that time. However, the art style itself, with nonrepresentational designs, is seen in the petroglyphs (rock engravings) dating back thousands of geezerhood. Ancient petroglyphs showing concentric circles (non-naturalistic art style), inland South Australia The use of dots was once Australia-wide, particularly seen on body decoration when mass are painted for ceremonies, and paintings in the remote Kimberley persona where dots are clearly seen on the body decoration of some of the earliest human figures, likely to be older than 20,000 years. See accompanying photo. ) Dot decoration on the body of an ancient human figure, Kimberley Aboriginal Art conventional to Contemporary The resurgence of Australian Indigenous art has become bingle of the some brilliant and exciting new eras of modern art. It has grown with such amazing diversity and enthusiasm that art critic, Robert Hughes, has described it as the last great art movement. For indigenous Australians art has been a part of their ending and tradition for thousands of years and is recognised as superstar of the oldest living art traditions.Though, over the past 30 years it has progressed from being confined primarily to the tourist industry, to become a richly, evolving international art movement. Since the conversion of Aboriginal art during the early 1970s, Aboriginal artists suck been encouraged to find new, innovative way s of incorporating heathenish traditions into their imagery. This encouragement first began through an art teacher, Geoffrey Bardon, who became the catalyst for contemporary Aboriginal art.Fascinated by the traditional sand designs created by Indigenous children in Papunya, Bardon encouraged the Aboriginal community to re-create their Dreamtime stories through paintings. He introduced them to acrylic paint and from thither Aboriginal art gained a more permanent form and the style, popularly write outn as dot art, emerged as the close recognisable form of Aboriginal art. It was a new form of art which also allowed Aborigines to, for the first time, express to the rest of Australia and the world, the ancient traditions of their culture. numerous Aboriginal artists have chosen to continue practicing traditional art as a means of conserving the conventional mode of creating, inherited from their tribal ancestors. Their content, which is explicitly aboriginal, is usually derived from their bill and culture, as a continuation of the spiritual bind they possess with their country. Research When The emergence of dot paintings by Indigenous men from the western relinquishs of Central Australia in the early 1970s has been called the greatest art movement of the twentieth century.Prior to this, close to heathenish material by Indigenous Australians was collected by anthropologists. Consequently, collections were found in university departments or natural history museums worldwide, not art galleries. Where That all changed at a place called Papunya. Papunya was a sit-down place establish in the early 1960s, 240 kilometres northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory (NT). The settlement brought together people from some(prenominal) western desert language groups the Pintupi, Warlpiri, Arrernte (Aranda), Luritja, and the Anmatyerr, who were unaccustomed to living in close proximity to each other.Dot Painting or Aboriginal Dot Art originated in the deser t development natural substances on the ground in the sand. Those pictures in the sand are not unlike the paintings we see today produced using acrylic paints. The acrylic paintings are usually done using acrylic paint and it is applied to canvas or art board with various diameter sticks dipped into paint and then applied one dot at a time. The Australian Aborigine of the western desert constructed their stories using ochre, sand, blood, coal from their fires and engraft material move together on the ground clump by clump for various notice occasions.If you look at the desert landscape from the height of any small bluff or mound what you see feel down are clumps of growth scattered about a red landscape. The spinifix grass, desert hardwood bush and occasional rocks or rock outcrops make up the uncounted of dots that seem to cover the landscape. Because everything in the desert has meaning to the Australian Aborigine these seemingly un definitive arrays of pattern in the deser t have special meaning to the Dot painters of the western desert. If you were to ever fly over the desert low enough to see what was on the ground you would see what he dot painting has replicated for you to see. These dots are a myriad of clumps of natural splendour which might go unnoticed had you not seen a dot painting and looked to see what it was about. The arrangement of the plants, rocks and water are all part of the spirit of creation and it is because of this placement that Aboriginal people have traversed the deserts safely without printed maps for thousands of years. The placement and arrangement of all of these natural things are in poesys and these stresss are often sung while the painting is being created.Nearly every painting has a song and the songs often disclose important ceremonial facts about a particular region or area. These important ceremonial places are often in the paintings but because they are sacred to Aboriginal people they are camouflaged in some w ay, visible to the initiated person but invisible to others who do not know what to look for. Many paintings contain these special hidden meanings and the new owners of these paintings will never know what the satisfying story of their purchased painting is about. Only over time may some insight be gained from looking at the painting.This is a point of pride among the Australian Aboriginal artists because they see the purchase of their art or for them the sale of their art, as a validation of their race and culture by others. This is because a value has been placed on the art. Since the Australian Aboriginal culture is depicted in all traditional paintings they are acquittance down their knowledge in the only way they are able, to those who have yet to understand it. The Aboriginal people do not have a written language so these painting of their stories and ceremonies are all they have to save this culture for future generations.The colour and the placement of the dots are importa nt to portraying the visible message and camouflaging the hidden message in Aboriginal dot art. Even the over painting of an area of the work has special significance and may convey different messages. Some people quick with a since of tactile feeling are able to feel a special vibrancy emanating from their painting. Who Many of the significant early artists at Papunya were senior men who had vivid memories of their first contact with white people. Typically, they came out of the desert as adults during the 1950s drought and their connection to ritual law was strong.The first artists collective, Papunya Tula Artists, was set up in 1972 by men from this settlement. Papunya Tula Artists was the inspiration and model for many other Indigenous artists collectives. In 2009 there are 42 desert Indigenous art communities represented by Desert. The artwork was seen as a way to keep the culture alive, and carry Indigenous stories to the world. The movement was seen as being about callback and cultural memories linked to Dreamings or story types. Why the modern aboriginal dot art movement started? Geoffrey Bardon AM (19402003)Geoffrey Bardon began working as an art teacher at Papunya special(prenominal) teach in 1971. Concerned that the schools curriculum, appearance and ethos seemed out of step with Aboriginal culture, Bardon start outed unsuccessfully to involve his class in painting a series of murals on the school walls. Thereupon Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Long bull Phillipus Tjakamarra, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri and others created the Honey Ant Mural, which inspired many senior men to ask Bardon for painting materials and eventually begin painting in the Mens Painting Room.The Mens Painting Room, Papunya Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula can be seen in the middle ground painting a Kalinypa Water Dreaming. His two boomerangs are placed in front of the board as percussion instruments, ready to be used to accompany the verses of the Water Dreaming, sung at intervals du ring the painting process, June-August 1971 Photo Michael Jensen Convinced of the ground marking importance of what he was witnessing, Bardon made comprehensive photographic, moving film and written records of the artists and the paintings that they produced while he was at Papunya.From his primary research, Bardon wrote ternary books and made three films that initiated public interest in Western Desert art. In 1988 Bardon was awarded the Order of Australia ornamentation for his unique contribution to the Western Desert art movement. The Honey Ant Mural, July 1971 Geoffrey Bardon and his Arerrnte assistant, Obed Raggett, had noticed people mechanical drawing designs in the sand at Papunya. Following this precedent, they drew circles and spirals on the b privationboard in an unsuccessful attempt to encourage their class of adolescent boys to paint a series of murals on a whitewashed, cement-rendered wall of the Papunya Special School.In late July 1971, after painting a series of s maller practice murals, seven painters collaborated in the painting of a monumental mural representing the Honey Ant Dreaming specific to the site of Papunya. operative under the direction of custodians Mick Wallangkarri Tjakamarra and Tom Onion Tjapangati, the artists included Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, Long dogshit Phillipus Tjakamarra, Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula and Don Ellis Tjapanangka.The Honey Ant Mural, a bold expression of Aboriginal culture in a government settlement, occasioned great rejoicing at Papunya and inspired immense pride in the community. Geoffrey Bardon in front of the Honey Ant Mural, Papunya, August 1971 Photo Robert Bardon artists and their estates 2011, licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency express and Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd Pintupi people from the Western DesertPintupi is the name of a Western Desert language spoken by Aboriginal people who belong to a large stretch of country in the Gibson Desert of Western Australia and the western edge of the Northern Territory. When the Pintupi arrived in the government settlements east of their traditional lands between the 1930s and the 1950s, they choose the term Pintupi to distinguish themselves from the surrounding Aboriginal inhabitants as the people from the west.They were among the last Aboriginal people in Australia to abandon their nomadic lifestyle, the last family arriving into the newly established community of Kiwirrkura in 1984. In Papunya, the Pintupi, strangle to each other by their dominant loyalties of relatedness and kinship, were ostracised due to their lack of conversance with kartiya (non-Aboriginal) customs and their perceived lack of sophistication. Diversity within dot art showing two different artists flora. genus genus Uta Uta Tjangala Traditional ArtistUta Uta Tjangala, who is an exemplar of the historical cultural tradition, Uta Utas painting career and reputation is closely aligned to the artistic renaissance that began at Papu nya in 1971. He was a founding member of the mens painting group, inspired other Pintupi tribesmen, and becoming one of the most senior and influential painters amongst the group. Born in Western Australia in Drovers Hills, he made the epic excursion to Haasts Bluff with his family during the severe drought of the mid to late 1950s in the company of Charlie Tarawa.Two years later, after returning to his homelands, he made the journey once more with Timmy Payungka, Pinta Pinta and their families. Uta Uta Tjangala (early years) occupied as a gardener at the Papunya school Uta Uta, then in his 40s, became one of the original group drawing and painting on composition board with encouragement from art teacher Geoff Bardon. When supplying paints to Uta Uta and his gathering group of enthusiastic friends, Bardon suggested the men use their existing cultural symbols to depict their Dreamings and links to the land.The Pintupi men, having been pushed from their traditional homelands by gove rnment policy and European development, painted under a bough shelter behind the camp pouring into their work their acute longing for the places depicted and chanting the song cycles that told the stories of the designs as they worked . These early works aroused strong protest within Aboriginal communities when first exhibited in Alice Springs in 1974 because of the disclosure of secret and sacred knowledge.A period of experimentation followed, resulting in the development of a symbolic language of classic ideograms and the characteristic dot covered areas that veil sacred elements from the uninitiated. The large, tribally mixed race of Papunya intensified the interaction, but under the influence of artists like Uta Uta, the painting group was able to break through the political and cultural constraints toward a safer stylistic conformity, and prepare the way for personal and distinctive styles to emerge.Uta Uta in particular, with his exciting and charismatic personality as well as his bold and energising style, played a vital role in these developments. Bardon recalled many years later, everything that came from him was genuine . Uta Utas 1971 and 1972 paintings generally featured major story elements with only the barest dotted in-fill within the iconography and small sections of the background. The esthetic balance and harmony of these works is derived through colour and weight quite than by a geometric division of the painted surface.The rather crude dotting and line work of these early paintings on board embues them with an might and power that is less apparent in his later more technically proficient works. His paintings are off the beaten track(predicate) stronger and more powerful when the clean unadorned background remains, unlike paintings by his contemporary Kaapa, whose early works became more aesthetically appealing as he began to in-fill the background. In developing a style that illegalize the more secret and sacred content in his painti ng, Uta Uta added more dot-work as the years went by.He painted more Tingari sites completely surrounded by neat dots that became less and less detailed. contempt his advancing age during the late 1970s he continued to paint as he pass increasing time at outstations west of Papunya and, at the beginning of the 1980s, he completed what was to become one of the most important and revered works of the entire Western Desert art movement. Yumari 1981, possibly his largest and most significant painting, reveals the mythical Tingari ancestors traveling across vast stretches of country as they create sites and institute rituals.Yumari is a rocky outcrop in his home country and the key ceremonial site of the area. Story elements and natural features blend seamlessly into a beautifully balanced geometry of concentric circles and connecting lines that enclose a central, abstracted figure. This body continues rather than interrupts the intense, minutely dotted background configurations, yet s till holds the central focus. The work is characterised by the sinuous movement of converging regular and irregular shapes, accentuated by outlining white dots.The predominant use of an earthy red alongside vivid yellow ochre, further emphasizes the assertive quality in this cohesive and powerful statement of Aboriginal tradition. The work was exhibited at the XVIII Bienal de Sao Paulo in 1983 and is now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. While painting Yumari, important discussions were taking place at Papunya concerning the move back to the Pintupi homelands at Kintore. Land rights legislation during the 1970s returned ownership of the land to its traditional owners and Uta Uta was a strong advocate for resettlement.