Recession in American economy Essay

The economic meaning of the term recession is, â€Å"A period of economic decline in a Country, characterized by reduced trade and industrial activity, production decline and increased levels of unemployment. It normally lasts between one and two quarters consecutively†, (Tremblay; 2007). In the US, incidences of recession have occurred since 1854. This paper, seeks address the reasons for recession in the US, with reference to the principles of consumer behavior and the firm as a whole. Observers were not expecting an incidence of recession this time round. Most observers have been persuaded to expect moderate economic growth rates in the US, of about 2 to 3 percent and a moderate inflation of around 2 percent (George. S, 2008). This is due to the fact that the US economy has proved to be the most resilient in the world. They however (the observers), have good reasons to back their predictions; 1. They have placed their hopes on relatively stimulative monetary policy to keep consumption and investment spending up and expect the worst of the housing decline to be over. 2. With stock prices making new highs, some point out that presidential and stock market cycles are favorable to higher stock prices since investing during 27 months before a US presidential election has proved in the past to be more Profitable than investing during 21 months after elections. In the October 16th issue of Headwinds, 2007 for the US economy, it is explained that macro-economic conditions make it a matter of months before the US economy and the dollar begun to experience some downward pressure (recession). This is probably the time for this recession. The US is the country with the highest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, with a GDP of $13 trillion . This has however reduced in the recent past. Employment levels have also declined. Production levels have gone down owing to cut-throat competition from emerging world producers like China and other Asian Countries. An attempt by the households to save more from a given income led to the decrease in actual amount they succeeded to save-paradox of thrift, (Lachman, 2008). Different reasons can however be put forward to explain the causes of this recession; 1) The outgoing administration’s short term reaction that they gave the economy before the 2004 and 2006 elections through a combination of large tax cuts and large increase in military spending. This ended up being a waste as billions of dollars were spent on a futile war (Trembley, 2007) 2) Record budgetary and current account deficits have severely neutralized the federal monetary policy attitude, because interest rates cannot be reduced substantially for fear of a collapse of the US dollar from the federal budgetary deficits as they are being reigned on. (Lachman, 2008) 3) With all this taking place at the same time that the construction industry is in disarray and housing prices have tapered off or are declining. Be that as it may, it is important to note that home ownership is more widespread than stock ownership; slightly more than two thirds of Americans own their homes, while less than half own equities. The objective of the households is to maximize utility. By spending more on home ownership than on stocks, utility is attained quickly and it is within the consumers budget space (Ingdahl, 2008). 4) This rules the question of how long the American consumer will keep up the high pace of spending in such a context. During the years of the housing boom, consumer spending was driven by the accumulation of wealth and record consumer indebtedness, most of it in the form of mortgages as the price of houses increased. Now that the reverse is occurring and banks and other loaners are reclaiming property for unpaid debts, a retrenchment in consumer spending cannot be ruled out (Trembley, 2007). 5) Protectionist push from the Democrat controlled congress, risks putting in jeopardy the flow of capital of about $2 billion a day that the US economy is borrowing from abroad (mainly from China and Japan). Trade frictions between the US and China could force banks to raise interest rates and not lower them. In any case, the banks would not lower the interest rates as expected to make up for the housing crisis (Trembley, 2007). 6) Collapse of one and possibly several major financial institutions under the pressure of bad loans and record foreclosures (take possession of somebody’s property usually because they have not paid back an agreed part of the loan). Particularly at risk is the sum $2. 5 trillion mountain debt concentrated in sub primes and loans. One major sub prime lender, (New Century Financial) filed for bankruptcy protection. Others are likely to follow suite because 2007 was the year when a large number of sub prime real estate locus had to be renegotiated at higher interest rates. Foreclosures rate is bound to shoot upwards. This will culminate in the next few years into a financial hurricane (Trembley, 2007). 7) The seventh and final reason is a geopolitical factor. The outgoing US administration has created some tension between the US and some countries in the Middle East. The Middle East, is the world’s largest oil producing region. In the coming years, the world economy will have to adjust to a peak in oil production and higher prices after the current lull. Geoplitical mistakes made by the outgoing administration have turned the richest oil producing region into a hot war zone making the US economic situation disastrous (Lachman,2008). The above listed reasons shed some light on why the US economy could be undergoing some kind of recession. They however do not provide a conclusive explanation or reasons as to why the American economy could be in recession. Unlike other forecasts, one can only tell when recession started and ended after it has ended. The determination of recession is left to the National Bureau of Research (Campbell. R. M & Stanley. L. B, 2005). However, it is possible to tell whether or not the economy is in recession by looking at past cases of recession. The great depression was the worst economic slump ever in the U. S history. It began in 1929 and lasted for close to a decade. Just like a recession, many factors led to the great depression; however, the main cause for the great depression was a combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920’s and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part of the same decade. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U. S and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920’s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes, (Gusmorino, 1996). Almost eighty years later, the U. S might be facing the same situation though not as severe as it was then. Wealth disparities are all over the world today. Although the worst cases are not experienced in America, cases of unequal distribution of wealth are still in America. As mentioned earlier, the American household does not invest much on stocks but in acquisition of homes. Speculations in the stock market are relatively high though not as high as it was then. It is not easy to conclude that the American economy is in recession. Whether or not there is a recession, depends on both on actual economic activity and economic analysis in the future. The facts as they are right now, show that the American economy is in recession. REFERENCES. Campbell, R. M. & Stanley, L. B. (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Gusmorino, P. A. (1996). Main causes of the Great Depression. Washington: Planet Press George, S. (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. Chicago: Public Affairs. Furchgott, D. (2007). The Great Recession of 2008. New York: An over view of the US economy, (22) 9:31-35 Ingdahl, W. (2008). Global Financial Markets Want an Immediate, Bold, and Coordinated Policy Response. New York: London Press Lachman, D. (2008). What can global policymakers learn from the Swedish financial crisis of the early 1990s? Washington: US economic crisis, (31) 11:67-90. Trembley, R. (2007). A Slowdown or a Recession in the U. S. in 2008? Carlifonia: Global financial crisis, (14)6:101-143.

Competitive Advantage And Enhancing Business Performance Accounting Essay

Throughout the 1990s, efficaciously deriving competitory advantage and heightening concern public presentation have been the major challenges that the CEOs had to get the better of under the context of intensified planetary competition ( Porter 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Pike & A ; Neale ( 1993 ) , the three traditional functions of finance map in most administrations are fiscal accounting, corporate finance and direction accounting. Despite the fact that these functions seem to cover the full scope of the concerns activities, the internally-focused and past-oriented nature of them is crictised as non-strategic, which impede the ability of finance map to assist concern accomplish competitory advantage or derive farther market portion ( Hunger & A ; Wheelen, 1996 ; Mintzberg, 1987a ; Porter, 1996 ) . Therefore, traditional finance sections are progressively expected to prosecute in more value-added activities and be more proactive in back uping the organisation ‘s overall concern s chemes. As a figure of researches have proved that alterations in the external environment of an organisation trigger the alteration in the direction accounting patterns ( Atkinson et al. , 1997 ; Nanni, Dixon, & A ; Vollman, 1992 ) , it can be said that he major alteration in the function of finance map is that direction comptrollers are going more actively involved in the determinations that run the concern. This consequence is supported with the impression that the directors demand more direction accounting information that assist them in the procedure of doing determinations every bit good as step and proctor public presentation advancement against schemes. Therefore, a combination of clearly articulated schemes, flexible organisational designs and sophisticated accounting systems has been adopted as a manner to accomplish this end. By reacting to the demands of directors who need make to do timely and sound determinations, direction comptrollers ( MAs ) are more and more expected to back up directors in their decision-making procedure or act as ‘business spouses ‘ ( Siegel and Sorenson, 1999 ) . Therefore, MAs are expected to demo a high degree of ‘commercial consciousness ‘ ( Burns, Scapens & A ; Turley, 1996 ) , a close engagement in and understand of the organisation ‘s concern procedures, and ‘an ability to pass on in other directors ‘ footings ‘ ( Burns & A ; Yazdifar, 2001 ) . Granlund and Lukka ( 1998 ) see the highest degree of this development in ‘a state of affairs in which direction comptrollers operate as true members of direction squads and are able to move as alteration agents in organisations ‘ . Over the last two decennaries or so, academic literature has been flush with legion surveies of direction accounting alteration, which have been conducted across a assortment of concern sectors and national context. Certain surveies have investigated whether such alteration execution is successful or non ( e.g. Shields, 1995 ) while others ( e.g. Malmi, 1997 ) raise an issue of whether such differentiation between success and failure is possible. Models of alteration execution have besides been developed, based on empirical survey ( Vaivio. , J. , 1999b ) . Some other writers even have drawn theoretical penetration from outside subjects to gestate direction accounting alteration ( Burns and Scapens, 2000 ) . Geographic and country-specific cultural facets have been studied in respects of their consequence on the way dependence of direction accounting alteration ( Granlund and Lukka, 1998a ) . However, no empirical survey has been conducted to research the effectivity of transforming the traditional finance maps on the overall organisational public presentation. Neither does the literature chalk out out what high quality concern partnering theoretical account of taking organisations really looks like. This survey, hence, contributes to the direction accounting literature to analyze if there is a nexus between the concern partnering theoretical account and the public presentation of an organisation. From that we can hold a clearer image of which the features of finance maps that set the high performing artists apart. This is of import because it will supply a survival kit for the successful reorientation of the full finance organisation with important public presentation betterments in both finance and the full company. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. The following subdivision summarizes the relevant anterior literature from which the research hypotheses are developed. The research methodological analysis is explained in Section 3. Section 4 contains the in-depth analysis of the informations, which is followed by a treatment of the consequences and some concluding comments.Section 2: Literature reappraisal and hypotheses preparationIn this subdivision, in visible radiation of the relevant literature, an effectual concern partnering theoretical account is presented to do manner for the development of a figure of hypotheses. The new multi-faced functions of finance have been suggested by literature to positively impact the effectivity of finance maps and in bend the organisational public presentation, which consequences to a nexus between the acceptance of these patterns and the high public presentation of organisation. To understand the background of the transmutation and the manner the paper is structured, a short travel into the history of direction accounting is now presented. Since the 1980s, houses in all sectors of the economic system were seen to undergo dramatic alterations in the planetary economic system including intensive competition, of all time more demanding clients with diversified client demands and shorter merchandise life rhythms, and the handiness of advanced fabrication engineerings ( Johnson, H. and Kaplan, R. , 1987 ; Innes & A ; Mitchell, 1990 ) . Therefore, merely an appropriate matching of scheme in response to the alteration in external factors can heighten organisational public presentation A study conducted by CIMA ( twelvemonth? ) argues that in such a universe where international markets give every house much the same entree to resources and where procedures of each concern areA meeting on alike criterions, the one existent staying distinction tool remainders on the d ecision-making map. As the clients are choosier and rivals react to clients ‘ diversified demands in more and more sophisticated ways, houses may follow distinction scheme that underscores more customer-oriented and commercially oriented position. Fiscal information is merely portion of the image because it fails to demo long-run profitableness doing the outgrowth of non-financial steps as a reaction to economic force per unit areas ( Granlund, M. and K, Lukka. , 1998 ) . Burns, J. et Al. ( 1999 ) suggested that the partial nature of fiscal information still be accepted if MAs can construe it in a broader context or stated in another manner, they have to associate the fiscal information to the non-financial steps. Following the customer-oriented focal point, MAs are presuming the duty of functioning their internal clients because great client service depends on outstanding internal client service. In this sense, they are said to move as ‘business spouses ‘ ( Burns, J. and Yazdifar, H. , 2001 ) or ‘business advisers ‘ ( Burns, J. and Vaivo, J. , 2001 ) . To break the determination devising procedure, MAs need to understand the demands of the internal clients. This is a two-stage procedure in which the first measure is deploying fiscal systems, constructions and procedures through which the the platform for the concern partnering phase is formed, which is referred to as ‘commercial finance ‘ by Gould, S. and Fahy, M. ( 2006 ) . Because MAs understand the whole fiscal impacts of functional determinations, they work with other concern units ( BU ) directors in implementing the schemes made by the CEO instead than work in the finance silo separated from the remainder of the concern ( Robinson, L. , 1999 ) . In this sense, thanks to the apprehension of the whole value concatenation, MAs are encouraged to work on-the-field, increase accent toward concern instead than passing the majority of the clip with clerical and everyday accounting undertakings. They are besides referred to as ‘hybrid comptrollers ‘ who combine fiscal acumen and commercial consciousness ( Burns, J. et al. , 1999 ) . As a consequence, MAs build a close relationship between finance map and the remainder of organisation so they are moving as a alteration agent by increasing determination devising procedure and further they can move as alteration leaders. In short, the direction accounting map is expected to finish its transmutation from a dealing processing focal point to a ‘business spouse ‘ with a high determination support capableness Gould, S. and Fahy, M. ( 2006 ) commented: â€Å" Business partnering theoretical account requires a clear apprehension of clients, and it needs the right people to place and utilize the appropriate techniques. † This transmutation will be looked into inside informations from the two positions: From internally-focused to outward-looking and past-focused to send on looking or from cost orientation to business/customer orientation where the new functions and activities which MAs undertake will be considered. From structures-focused to process-focused re-organization which is shown in the proviso of nucleus merchandises and support servicesA transmutation from internal orientation to environmental ( outward-looking ) and from past-focused to long-run ( advanced )Changing functions and activitiesThere is small uncertainty that finance professionals play a polar value-adding function in pull offing and maneuvering organisations through the ups and downs of the commercial universe. Nonetheless, the engineering progresss may shortly dispute the understanding about dealing processing. Thankss to those progresss, dealing processing could be done in centralized shared service Centres or decentralised practical Centres. Whether it is centralised or decentralised, it is likely that finance maps will incorporate the three functions: concern leading and partnering ; dealing processing and proficient and conformity. ( ICCA, 2001 ) Traditionally, MAs were viewed to be concerned with figure crunching and responsible for the overall operation of the accounting or they were called ‘bean counter ‘ or a ‘corporate bull ‘ . While traditional functions and activities remain to take up the majority of their clip ( Granlund and Lukka, 1998b ) , the tendency is clear that less clip is now devoted to hit maintaining and corporate policing. Technological developments have freed them up from the mechanical facets of accounting therefore they allocate less clip set abouting everyday fiscal analysis, dealing processing or statutory coverage. Alternatively, they assume the undertakings of analyzing and construing information and are welcomed into the halls of direction as ‘business spouse ‘ , sought after owing to their concern acumen and the strategic facets that they bring to the tabular array ( Burns, J. and Baldvinsdottir, G. , 2005 ; Granlund, M. and Lukka, K. , 1998a ) . MAs besides sp end clip in advanced activities and engage in other non-traditional accounting activities such as strategic planning, internal consulting, procedure betterment, and public presentation rating ( Siegel, G. and Sorenson, J. , 1999 ) . That is more clip is now spent on business-integrated functions, integrating undertakings of scheme preparation, organizational redesign, alteration direction ( IMA, 1999 ) . Among the most critical activities to the company ‘s success that MAs are expected to execute in the hereafter are long-run strategic planning, fiscal and economic analyses, client and merchandise profitableness, computing machine systems and operations and procedure betterment ( Siegel, G. and Sorenson, J. , 1999 ) . There is widespread literature that advocates the position that MAs should acquire involved in the determination support and providing advice throughout the concern. This is because MAs are said to be the well-equipped organizational members to supply information that is of import to the strategic determination devising, and that they would be desirable participants in this procedure ( Kaplan, 1995 ) . Indeed, MAs have entree to fiscal and cost information that is ensuing from intimate apprehension of the implicit in engineerings, markets, and the organisation ‘ scheme ( Kaplan, 1995 ) . BA‘er ( 1996 ) anticipated that MAs would take portion in the scheme preparation procedure so he suggested that MAs would play a focal function in pointing their administration towards the hereafter. However, there is small consensus about the relationship between MAs ‘ engaging in these new functions and the organisational public presentation. Indeed, literature merely suggests that comptrollers ‘ engagement in a wide set of decision-making procedures might lend to the strategic effectivity. Byrne & A ; Pierce ( 2007 ) showed that MAs ‘ engagement in concern procedures has reinforced the effectivity of direction control and might hold influence on public presentation through the improved determination devising and sweetening in planning and control. The strategic determination doing procedure contains both the scheme development and scheme execution phase and the battle of MAs in those phases has the possible to heighten strategic effectivity by provide of import strategic information ( Langfield-Smith, 2005 ) . Byrne and Pierce ( 2007 ) studied the association between a broad scope of ancestors, features and effects of the functions of MAs and discovered that MAs have the possible to act upon public presentation and information quality and that the greater the engagement of the MA, the more likely they are to hold a positive impact on these results. Granlund and Lukka ( 1998b ) studied the altering function of MAs in the Finland and suggested that they contribute to the strategic effectivity by concentrating their attending every bit good as actions towards the hereafter and acted on real-time information. Kaplan ( 1995 ) expected that at the micro-level, the strategic effectivity would be enhanced because MA would acquire engagement in strategic procedures – such as the scheme development and execution. In contrast, Granlund and Lukka ( 1998a ) argued that direction accounting systems still chiefly bring forth heightening operational instead than strategic effectivity, at the mirco-level. Harmonizing to Otley ( 2001 ) , effectivity is concerned with the proviso of coveted results whereas strategic effectivity relates to the organ isational public presentation towards the accomplishment of their ain strategic aims. The undermentioned hypothesis is hence formed: Hypothesis 1: In high-performing organisations, finance maps assume more activities that associated with the determination devising procedure. As argued above, in order to move as concern spouses, MAs need to deploy fiscal systems, constructions and processes that provide the platform for the concern partnering procedure. Business partnering functions chiefly consists of back uping in concern direction and public presentation direction which provides information and model for the strategic determinations can be made ( ICCA, 2001 ) . Information engineering progresss such as endeavor resource be aftering systems ( ERP ) , e-commerce and the cyberspace have significantly changed the manner information is collected, measured, analyzed and communicated non merely within but besides between organisations ( Atkinson et al. , 1997 ) . Such wide alteration suggests a necessity for direction accounting to alter, excessively. Although to day of the month, a figure of academic grounds have demonstrated the staying popularity of traditional direction accounting patterns such as budgeting ( Ezzamel et al. , 1995 ) , it seems besides tha t those techniques are presently being used together with the new and alleged ‘advanced ‘ techniques for illustration uninterrupted planning and prediction, activity-based direction, balanced scorecard, value-based direction and direction coverage and analysis ( Scapens et al. , 1996 ; ICCA, 2001 ) . Advanced direction accounting techniques can help finance forces to more easy concentrate on distinction precedences, such as quality, bringing and client service, compared to the traditional financially-based accounting techniques, as they emphasize the customer-oriented focal point or the demand to fulfill client demands. For illustration, activity-based direction, which is non merely an improved version of merchandise costing for traditional criterion costing, but can besides be used for strategic cost direction, or to keep and better client value. Balanced scorecard – ‘a set of steps that gives top directors a fast but comprehensive position of the concern à ¢â‚¬Ëœ ( Kaplan and Norton, 1992 ) non merely consists of fiscal steps that convey the consequences of actions already done but integrated operational steps which are the drivers of future fiscal public presentation such as client satisfaction, internal procedure, and the organisation ‘s invention and betterment activities. Continuous planning and prediction are replacing traditional one-year planning and budgeting as cardinal basicss in monitoring and pull offing an organisation. Traditional one-year planning and budgeting are deemed usually backbreaking, clip devouring undertaking bring forthing doubtful informations, instead than something that is of any peculiar usage that directors can deploy in a fast changing environment. Furthermore, traditional planning and budgeting techniques are excessively inflexible for the present concern environment. Consequently, prima organisations are suggested to use a more uninterrupted, flexible, business-planning tool by replacing the st iff budgeting with uninterrupted be aftering and calculating. This ensures that a controlled mechanism is ready to reexamine and modify scheme as fortunes change, and because concern schemes are considered on a regular footing it guarantees that all determination shapers have entree to any information they need ; how, where and when they need it. The terminal consequence is a far more advanced and nimble organisation which is able to accommodate to invariably altering market conditions ( ICCA, 2001 ) . Hypothesis 2: Top acting organisations have finance maps that deploy more advanced direction accounting patterns. Information is one of the most of import competitory advantages that houses can utilize in today ‘s invariably altering market conditions ( Mangaliso, 1995 ) . From the ‘Relevance lost ‘ , Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) crictised that direction accounting had lost its relevancy because of inappropriate information proviso, which caused negative influence on company ‘ profitableness. As argued above, consumers presents can obtain information about the merchandises and services without national boundaries limitations thereby they value merchandise and services by non-financial operating public presentation indexs. With the customer-orientation doctrine, non-financial steps can be seen as an effectual tool organisation can utilize to react to economic force per unit areas ( Granlund, M. and K, Lukka. , 1998 ) . It has been discussed that the exclusive dependance on fiscal public presentation information will non needfully make better fiscal consequences, because suc h steps merely show the consequences of past activities. Non-financial steps, in contrast, can state the drivers that show the future fiscal public presentation. These steps are connected to subjects such as client satisfaction, the quality of overall productions, merchandise quality, quality of procedures and the steadfast public presentation in respects of clip and productiveness ( Banker et al. , 1993 ; Perera et al. , 1997 ) . Traditionally non-financial steps have been acquired in the operating maps of the house such as productiveness and assorted rhythm times in fabrication logistics, market portion and client ailments in selling ; and late by the quality map people with different types of quality steps. The increased usage of non-financial information places a important impact on MAs ‘ functions. This demonstrates a displacement of MAs ‘ focal point from feed-backward to existent clip, feed-forward orientation which stresses the importance of prognosis over existe nt against budgets comparings ( Granlund and Lukka, 1997 ) . MAs are hence expected to roll up, analyse and describe non-financial information in a signifier that satisfied the information needs of concern directors. During the last few old ages this issue has moved to the thought as to what would be the equal function of direction comptrollers in this regard. Burns and Baldvinsdottir ( 2007 ) stressed the function of MAs in associating monthly direction histories to the wider information spectrum. That is to state they had to associate the wider position of a concern, which is expressed in public presentation steps, with the narrower fiscal informations in direction histories. Although most anterior researches have been in favor of a positive association between the increased dependance on non-financial steps and organisational public presentation, the relationship is of obscure nature. Mia and Clarke ( 1999 ) claimed an indirect connexion between the competition strength in the ma rket and concern unit ‘s public presentation with the greater usage of direction accounting information. Davila ( 2000 ) and Chong and Chong ( 1997 ) found that the increased usage of non-financial information for concern units and public presentation were positively linked. However, Perera et Al. ( 1997 ) established that the usage of non-financial step had nil to make with the public presentation of an organisation under a customer-oriented fabrication scheme. Improved public presentation has resulted in houses that use flexible fabrication, and which besides place greater trust on non-financial fabrication steps ( Abernethy & A ; Lillis, 1995 ; Sim & A ; Killough, 1998 ) . Because information is now acknowledged as one of the most dominant tools that can significantly impact the corporations ‘ wealth, the direction accounting system is expected to present up-to-date information that can help directors to do reasoned and informed determinations, and to actuate end-user s of that information to endeavor for organisational alteration ( Horngren, 1995 ) . Failure to depend on on proper accounting information may do resource direction to be uneffective and a gradual diminution in corporate public presentation. The 3rd hypothesis is as follows: Hypothesis 3: In top performing artists, MAs are seen to more engage in the activity of collect, analyse and describe non-financial informationA transmutation from functional-/structure-focused to process-/product-focusedThrough commissariats of nucleus merchandisesIn the late eightiess, many houses adopted a client orientation in which MAs were meant to serve their internal clients. Siegel and Sorenson ( 1999 ) emphasised this function by giving an illustration that if a concern director asked for a fiscal information, MA would supply it even if they know more proper information would be demanded for an ideal concern solution. The MAs ‘ function has transformed from being a concern adviser to a ‘business spouse ‘ where MA is an equal participant of the decision-making squad. They have the right and besides the duty to inform a line director the ground why specific types of information might or might non be desired for a determination, and is expected to do recommen dations on how to break the quality of that determination. In order to execute this concern partnering function MAs have moved from working in the finance silo which is isolated from the remainder of the concern to be physically situated in the operating concern units with which they work. This inclination is a response to the uninterrupted arguments of client orientation and of the demand to replace the functional or departmental attacks of direction with the process-oriented 1. Working across the concern and flexible communicating over functional and departmental boundary lines is today regarded as one of the cardinal success factors ( Majchrzak and Wang, 1996 ) . Indeed, MAs now work on cross-departmental squads and have extended face-to-face interactions with non-accounting people across the organisation. Cross-functional squads are formed for a peculiar intent, such as to develop a new merchandise, or enhance work procedures and they are said to better the communicating, coordination and coherence ( Narver and Slater, 1990 ) . It is the integrating and coaction of a figure of functional parts in an organisation, with members of the squad come from different countries of the concern which allows a broad scope of different expertness, accomplishments and point of views to be brought to the undertaking. This vision can be maintained by a commercial partnering theoretical account that incorporates the cardinal internal clients of finance such as human resources, research and development and IT and selling. The execution of such squads is related with level organisational design and the greater liberty of lower-level directors and forces ( Chenhall & A ; Langfield-Smith, 1998b ; Otley, 1994 ) . This displacement from centralised determination devising and hierarchal controls towards the a llotment of more authorization to lower degrees of concern is guarantee advanced and speedy responses in complex and dynamic environment. It has been said that the acceptance of team-based constructions helps organisations non merely to increase the flexibleness and velocity of a response, but besides to heighten the quality of that response ( Cohen, 1993 ) . A squad construction that allows finance – concern unit partnerships enables finance professionals to derive a deep apprehension of value drivers which help them trust their determinations on latent value and closely pull off the results of their determinations. Finance managers who master first-class proficient and operational accomplishments – are deployed to each concern unit to assist place value-generating chances. And thanks to their apprehension of the commercial positions of runing the concern, their finance activities can be more successfully linked to the organisational jussive moods. By being active in measuring concern issues, pass oning across functional hierarchies and direction degrees, the more accurate, relevant and timely information is brought about ( Brouthers & A ; Roozen, 1999 ; Coad, 1996 ) . By promoting a spouse relationship with all the maps in the concern and playing as a critical portion of the organisational decision-making procedures, MAs are expected to supply a alone facet and bring forth more value-added activities, which thereby easing improved public presentation ( Scott & A ; Tiessen, 1999 ; Wooldridge & A ; Floyd, 1990 ) . The nexus between cross-functional engagement and public presentation has been the chief subject of extant direction accounting empirical literature ; although budgetary engagement and occupation public presentation received attending of the bulk of work ( Chong & A ; Johnson, 2007 ; Lau & A ; Lim, 2002 ; Nouri & A ; Parker, 1998 ; Parker & A ; Kyj, 2006 ) . Anterior surveies sing engagement in strategic decision-making and organisational public presentation are scarce and slightly conflicting. In progressively competitory and unsure market contexts, the acceptance of inter-departmental squads help to guarantee a speedy and appropriate organisation ‘s response to environmental developments, thereby heightening public presentation ( Baines & A ; Langfield-Smith, 2003 ; Scott & A ; Tiessen, 1999 ) . Scott & A ; Tiessen ( 1999 ) found that inter-functional engagement has an indirect positive influence the public presentation of squads through the use of more sophisticated public p resentation steps. In contrast, Chenhall and Langfield-Smith ( 2003 ) conducted a case-study work and concluded that team-based enterprises did non look to better organisational public presentation. In fact, despite the importance of cross-departmental work, merely 20 % of the MAs in the study conducted by ICCA ( 2001 ) work entirely in concern units or split their clip between runing sections and finance section. In contrast, 80 % of the respondents surveyed said that they still work in their traditional location. As the anterior empirical work sing the consequence of cross-functional engagement on organisational public presentation is slightly scarce, the undermentioned Forth hypothesis has been chiefly drawn from what seems to be the conventional position: Hypothesis 4: In top performing artists, MAs are decentralized and being parts of operating sections In order to play concern partnering function and work in cross-functional squad across the concern, modern concern oriented direction comptrollers are required to hold a good apprehension of how a concern maps every bit good as the ability to pass on finance ‘s vision and scheme to the remainder of the organisation. MA ‘s ability to construct effectual concern and societal relationships with directors is of import to derive trust from direction, which so increases their likeliness of deriving entree to back uping resources, of going involved in the rating of assorted options for the strategic way at concern unit and corporate degrees, and in taking portion in the pick of strategic methods. Nathan birnbaums and Baldvinsdottir ( 2007 ) agreed with this thought by observing that although the proficient accounting accomplishments such as stewardship and control remain basically of import ; there is a turning accent on the new sets of accomplishments particularly a wide concer n apprehension. Hypothesis 5: In top performing artists, MAs have concrete apprehension of the concern and how it operatesThrough commissariats of support servicesTraditionally, MAs were non members in the determination devising procedure. Alternatively, they functioned as support staff to supply support services for the determination shapers and were frequently communicated about the determinations after-the-fact. They spend the majority of their clip in the mechanical parts of accounting. They use manual procedure to sum and equilibrate pages of multi-column paper spread sheets. By presuming the undertaking of fixing budgets, look intoing disbursal studies, bring forthing stock list studies, and bring forthing standardised fiscal statements, they were the bean counters, the scorers, the corporate bulls of organisation. By carry throughing such traditional accounting function, they were referred as the fiscal records keeper or the historiographers of the organisation. The alteration of direction ac counting now placed a minimal focal point on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours accounting undertakings although these activities remain basically of import ( Burns and Baldvinsdottir, 2007 ) . There is a turning concern that more clip should be released so that MAs can concentrate on strategic analysis, determination support and other value-added activities. One manner of making this is through restructuring of finance map by centralising dealing treating into shared services centres or concern procedure outsource. This demonstrates the centralisation of traditional accounting activities in the organisations. Although the usage of sourcing activities are seen more of an efficiency engine, it should be viewed, within the range of this survey, as a tool to let go of the clip of MAs so that they can concentrate more on analyzing, construing information and playing as concern spouses A shared service Centre is defined as ‘The concentration of company resources executing like activities, typically dispersed across the organisation, in order to service multiple internal parties at lower cost and with higher service degrees, with the common end of pleasing external clients and heightening corporate value ‘ ( Schulman, Dunleavy, Harmer and Lusk 1999 ) . Another statement is that ‘Shared services is a collaborative scheme in which a subset of bing concern maps are concentrated in a new, semi-autonomous concern unit that has a direction construction designed to advance efficiency, value coevals, cost nest eggs and improved service for internal clients of the parent corporation, like a concern viing in the unfastened market ‘ ( Bergeron 2003 ) . When portion services delivers are executed right, the cost is reduced and the service to the concerns is improved owing to the usage of procedures standardisation and bring forthing a service civilizatio n in the Centre. The procedures that are insistent and transaction-based such as paysheet, histories collectible, fixed assets, general legers, histories receivable, general leger and hard currency are the 1s that are ideally appropriate to be conducted in shared services Centres. Such procedures could be standardised in an administration because they are fundamentally the same no affair what the sector and location. But there are more than merely cost advantage of shared service Centres. It is together with other support tools like information engineering, can be seen to let go of the clip of MAs so that they can concentrate on analysing, construing information and playing as concern spouses. There is small understanding in respects of whether some other procedures, such as direction coverage could be carried out in shared service Centres or non. Some emphasize that standard studies and discrepancy analysis can be standardized in a shared services Centres. KPMG ( 2006 ) supported t his position by calculating that everyday direction coverage will be a peculiar growing country in the usage of shared service Centres, as organisations pursue the betterment of direction information quality. Others oppose this thought by reasoning that such procedures must be conducted in concern units to vouch the staff has the ownership of the issues and hence increase the committedness to the accomplishment of such procedures. Even though the acceptance of shared services Centres is predicted to lift well, preponderantly in the country of dealing processing, everyday direction coverage, regulative conformity procedures and investing direction, the usage of shared service Centres is besides increasing for less standardised procedures like concern public presentation analysis meaning the greater assurance every bit good as edification in the theoretical account of shared services ( KPMG, 2006 ) . Shared service theoretical accounts have become loosely accepted as an efficiency eng ine without the hazards related with concern procedure outsourcing. General, the great advantage of shared service theoretical account when compared with out-sourcing is that it should be possible to heighten efficiency and effectivity of the bringing of service while at the same clip there is no loss of control or dependence that are side effects of concern procedure outsourcing theoretical account. To the contrary, concern procedure outsourcing theoretical account for finance are said to be in its early phase and less widespread than other support maps such as information engineering. However, it still represents an emerging tool for standardize everyday processing ( KPMG, 2006 ) . Business procedure outsourcing is non a new construct and many concern maps presents are outsourced. Typical illustrations comprise of paysheet processing, human resources, information engineering, belongings direction and services and revenue enhancement conformity. Some organisations have besides outsourced all of their dealing processing, clerking and accounting. Business procedure outsourcing enables the concern to concentrate on its strategic issues by let go ofing resources from non-core activities. The efficiency gained would cut down the costs and raise profitableness so that more financess can be reinvested in nucleus and value-added activities. The future outlook is that the tendency in out sourcing will go on to derive foothold and more energy will be saved because the clip finance people will pass on transactional or control activities would diminish well ( Danko, 2009 ) . Hypothesis 6: In top performing artists, more everyday accounting activities are centralised into shared servicew Centres or concern procedure outsourcing

Business (Decision Making) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business (Decision Making) - Essay Example There were no motorcycle used in Chicago and the company sales team could consider introducing this especially for the JIT deliveries to customers. The comparison of the amount of time it take to get to work suggest that the company need to deliver more snack at work place as majority of the people stay away from home the whole day of work except those who are working at home. The census trend shows that there are more females than males by a fair percentage hence the production team needs to focus when making snacks. Overall there has been an increase in income and employment and the minimum wage bracket seem to show much progress. Hence the snack pricing will need to concentrate on low priced high volume snack strategy. There are also options for premium priced snack for the management employees. In terms of logistics, employees in offices and central administration had the highest concentration. According to the census in the area of educational attainment, the variance of the data of the USA general against the Zip code 60614 was as follows: Associate degree (+ ) 4.42 % ; Bachelor’s Degree (-) 28.65% ; Graduate Degree (-) 25.13% ; Some College, No degree (+) 12.33% ; 9th – 11th Grade , No Diploma (+) 8.86% ; Grade K-9 (+) 4.16% ; High School Graduate (+) 23.03%. Sum of the variance is (-) 0.98%, which means the average zip code 60614, is has 0.98 less education attainment that the average general US levels. (Baker, 2004, Online); (SISA, 2008, Online). In the comparison of the USA report vs. the zip 60614 report the variance for: American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Population; Asia; Black Population; Hispanic Ethnicity; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific islander Alone; Other population ; Two or more races and white population was (+) 1%. However there was no data on Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders. (Baker, 2004, Online); (SISA, 2008, Online) In the comparison of the USA data vs. the zip code 60614 the data for

Limits of Human Knowledge and Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Limits of Human Knowledge and Experience - Essay Example This essay highlights that  mathematician Leibnitz has contributed to our understanding of human limitations in acquiring knowledge.   He famously coined the term â€Å"human finitude†, behind which were questions such as â€Å"How much can someone possibly know? What could reasonably be viewed as an upper limit of an individual's knowledge--supposing that factually informative knowledge rather than performative how-to knowledge or subliminally tacit knowledge is to be at issue?† To essay an answer to these questions, let us consider a hypothetical attempt by a human to acquire maximum knowledge.   For this thought experiment, we are assuming that this hypothetical person has perfect recall and an infinite memory.  Ã‚  According to the report findings  in the Western intellectual tradition that has evolved over the last two millennia, knowledge was the â€Å"essential resource for those mortal and particular human beings struggling to cope with a world that c ould be imagined as being independent from any observer.† Scientific endeavor was thus directed to make knowledge independent of the observer (subjective) into an enduring truth.  For a human being to ‘know’ something is one way of gaining access to that aspect of the world.   The tradition of ‘reasonable knowledge’ is one that brings into concurrence an individual’s observation through sight, sound and logical analysis with the truth associated with the object being studied.

Principles of Finance Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Finance Paper - Assignment Example Discussion The first principle discusses the competitive financial environment. This principle outlines four factors that affect the business environment. These are: the principle of self-interest behaviour, the principle of two-sided transactions, the signalling principle and the behavioural principle (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). The principle of self-interest means that the company will always look out for its best interests. BP develops new and innovative technologies for oil exploration and drilling. This technology is used to further the company’s interests. New drilling techniques are not revealed to competing companies. The principle of two-sided transactions means that BP often cooperates with minor companies around the world in the provision of its services. These collaborations are mutually beneficial to both parties. The signalling principle explores the concept of a company’s decisions’ influence on the public. BP’s investment in research on renewable energy creates a positive impression on the public, making them more willing to invest in an environmentally-conscious company. The behavioural principle means that a company utilises market information to make rewarding investments. BP’s investments have grown to include alternative energy, shipping and treasury services. This is in addition to its wide variety of oil and gas investments. This wide portfolio caters to a wide range of market needs, cementing BP’s position as one of the largest companies in the world. The four principles of value are: The principle of valuable ideas, the principle of comparative advantage, the options principle and the principle of incremental benefits (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). BP’s research and development department produces innovations in solar power, biofuel and wind power. These fresh and new ideas keep the company ahead of its competitors. Following the principle of comparative advantage, BP has estab lished a reputation as a success in its field. This public perception as a financial giant gives them an edge over their competitors. The company also gains incremental benefits when it invests millions in green energy and renewable energy. Though these amounts may seem a waste, the investments pay off in scientific discovery and public approval of the company’s efforts. BP also ensures it has a variety of business options to invest in, cushioning them against serious losses should one option fail (Benninga, 2008). The principles that emerge from observing financial transactions are: the principle of risk-return trade-off, the principle of diversification, the principle of market capital efficiency and the time-value-of-money principle (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2007). Investing large amounts of money in ventures such as offshore drilling pays off with great dividends. Energy industries are a high-risk, high-return enterprise. BP also diversifies its investments in multiple securities, ensuring maximum returns. The capital market runs on an efficient system, with up-to –the minute coverage of stock prices. BP is registered on high-profile stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Updates on stock are relayed internationally

Congressional debates over budgets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congressional debates over budgets - Essay Example Many Americans are beginning to get weary with the inability of Democratic and Republican parties to agree upon anything. It has gotten to a point where it is becoming astoundingly obvious that the two sides are determined to disagree with each other on purpose. This, of course, results in nothing getting done and little being accomplished. Unfortunately it can be rather difficult to really get a straight answer from political circles. The Republicans blame the Democrats who are intentionally â€Å"shooting down† their attempts at passing a budget. In fact, the Republican-Controlled House in 2011-2012 did submit a potential budget; however, because both houses must submit versions and the work to compromise to reach a final product. The Democratic-controlled Senate did not follow through with their part of the process, which meant another spring without a proper budget for the American government (Bremmer). There are many voices in Washington saying that a budget is not necessary, regardless of the fact that the Senate is legally obligated to produce one; however, failure to comply with that law, apparently, carries no legal consequences (Weiner 1). In the end, without a working budget the government keeps granting itself reprieves and extensions that do nothing to solve the problems in this country. It is treme ndously irresponsible and short-sighted to believe that the country can continue to spend when it sees fit when no budgeting has been put in place. It is a very bad idea and will no doubt continue to contribute to further problems in this country. Corker, Bob. "Bob Corker says Senate has not passed a budget in more than three years." PolitoFact. News Sentinel, 22 Dec 2012. Web. 23 Sep 2013. . Weiner , Rachel. "Why Senate Democrats haven’t passed a budge."

Finance Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance Theories - Essay Example Fosberg (2010, p.2) notes that the crisis began due to default on debt instruments and subprime mortgage loans supported by those loan types. However, it was not until 2007 that companies began realizing that the default on subprime mortgages was likely to cause a crisis on the financial sectors of the economy. This follows the discovery by Bear Stearns that realized that some of its assets, which were held by the subprime hedge funds, were slowly becoming valueless (Mizen 2008, p.15). However, the devastating effect of the subprime mortgage defaults on other markets were felt a year later in February 2008 following the subsidence of the auction rate security market. Fosberg (2010, p.2) notes that buyers failure to bid for the securities during a public auction resulted in an end to these securities market. However, the first major financial market collapses in March 2008 following the liquidation of Bear Stearns after going bankrupt. In the same year in September, another financial institution called Lehman Brothers also went bankrupt signaling a crisis. This prompted government intervention with the aim of forestalling further effects of the financial crisis on the financial market, which resulted in the passage of TARP Act (Fosberg 2010, p.2). The act soon became law in October 2008 as noted by Mizen (2008, p.15). However, the law did not help much in preventing the crisis from continuing biting the financial markets and institutions. In fact, many countries still suffer from the effects of this crisis which no sign of full recovery anytime soon. Some of the countries still suffering from the effects of this crisis include the U.K., the U.S. Greece and Turkey just to name but a few (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2002, p.12). In addition, the financial crisis also affected the issuance of sec urities in the market. What was also evident is that the financial crisis of the 2000s created a recession, which financial management experts expect to have also affected the

Recruitment Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Recruitment Process - Essay Example The USA Staffing recruiting system has been designed by the federal government to cater for the special and unique requirements as determined by the federal recruitment and staffing. The application process is done online and the applicants can use USAJOBS and the DEA Career Gateway by USA Staffing recruiting system (DEA, 2015). The advantage of the application process is that it is convinient and the applicants can contact the application manager in the event that they have encountered some problems. On the other hand, the applicationprocess to Join Los Angeles Police force begins by downloading an application form which needs to be completed by the applicant. This process is comprised of seven steps. According to Los angeles Police Force website, the first step in the application process involves Preliminary Background Application (PBA) and Job Preview Questionnaire (JPQ) which is completed online. This aims to help the applicant identify issues that help them better understand the force and check if they have the potential to qualify. The second step is The Personal Qualifications Essay (PQE) which is comprised of essay questions related to judgment and decision making and behavioral flexibility and the applicant’s communication skills are also evaluated. The third step involves background investigation and poligraphy examination. This is meant to obtain the applicant’s background information and family members may also be interviewed to obtain this information. The fourth step involves Physical Abilities Test to measure strength as well as capability in terms of performance. The fifth stage involves interviews where the panelists seek to assess your personal accomplishments, motivation communication skills as well as interpersonal skills to see if you are capable of doing the job. The sixth step involves medical and

How do the views of 'constructivist' theorists about international Essay

How do the views of 'constructivist' theorists about international security differ from those of 'neo-realists'' - Essay Example Much of this analysis will draw from the work of British historian Eric Hobsbawm, arguably one of the most prominent scholars of the history of globalization. We then conclude with an overview of the issues explored and argue that neoliberalism and globalization are intrinsically intertwined. Neoliberalism has been the driving force of the global economic order since the latter half of the twentieth century. The current state of world affairs has its precursors in the social revolution of the 1960s, economic crises in the 1970s culminating the collapse of the New Deal and the OPEC oil crisis, as well as the emergence of neo-liberalism as a driving political and economic force in the 1980s. Events from the late 1960s reverberated in the Communist world and finally came to a head in the 1980s with total economic and political collapse. The Soviet sphere, coupled with the former Yugoslavia, provide the best examples of this phenomenon. Additionally, the end of the Cold War has had important implications for the already precarious states of Africa and has coincided with the emergence of Asian economic â€Å"Tigers†: a global economic shift towards emerging East Asian powerhouses. Our current wave of globalization will be traced back to the late 1960s, beginning with t he â€Å"social revolution† of that decade, and will end with today’s international state of affairs. The social revolution of the 1960s was also a cultural revolution. In fact, the â€Å"rise of a specific, and extraordinarily powerful youth culture indicated a profound change in the relation between generations† (Hobsbawm 1994, p. 324). Leading this cultural revolution were the young: teenagers started wearing jeans – prior to that only farmers wore them – and rock music became the voice of a generation (Hobsbawm 1994, p. 324). In fact, industries saw the potential

Chinese Ccot Essay Example for Free

Chinese Ccot Essay CAC Global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs was significant to the world. It affects how well the country is running and makes it under control. Global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs has changed and continued in China from 500 to 1750. As time progressed, trade patterns and the economy became sophisticated and prominent. Many people began to depend and on the economic issues. Currency has changed into silver which became a huge demand. Today, the global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs is the way due to history. Due to unfortunate circumstances involved changed in currency and a look of diffusion, Chinese economy shifted a bit. As China developed lost contact with foreign regions and faced different conflicts, they changed trade patterns and domestic affairs. From the time period of 500 to 1750, the change and continuity of the use of Silk Road/Indian Ocean basin, the use of currency, and exporting goods stimulated in the global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs. China has prospered from the Silk Road from a long period of time. Once the Silk Road was established, it led to establishments of other intricate network of trade routes. It was a trade route across land masses which connected East, South, and Western Asia. Trades on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations and it helped lay foundations for the modern world. Many goods such as jewelries, spices, medicines, textiles, and etc were traded. The Silk Road was a source of cultural and economic diffusion between Asian and European societies. The Silk Road was always active and it became very prominent in the later years. However, due to bubonic plague (Black Death) that traveled, many merchants died and got ill. Also, there were many bandits there who stole stuff so many people started to not use the road. Also, soon, the maritime trade got popular so many people got involved in the seafaring trade in the ocean. The Silk Road became less used and slowly lost fame. Due to the diffusion that went in and out, its disconnection had a significant fee on China. China lost contact with foreign people and lost relationship with the outside world of global ideas, cultures, and technology. China especially became limited in foreign affairs with the Europeans. Not many people traded and not many people came into the Silk Road so it led to the downfall of Chinas economy. The continuity that occurred was that the Silk Road was still being used. Even though all these disasters were occurring, people were still using the Silk Road to trade and to traveling. China depended and used the barter system for a long period of time. The barter system was trading item for an item and relying on interpersonal relationships for business. However, under the Ming dynasty, the currency was changed into silver. Silver was being imported and exported from many regions into China, where thriving domestic economy demanded increasing quantities of silver. The demand of silver was so high that Europeans exchanged silver for Chinese gold which they got more profit from in Japan. The Ming dynasty in China only accepted silver and nothing else. All taxes were to be paid with silver and traded with silver which led to the frantic demand of silver. The monopolization of silver led many people to get silver because only silver was accepted. However, the silver became overpriced since it was used as currency which led the Ming dynasty to not release silver in public. his lack of circulation had a huge impact on the economy which led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty. The change in currency damaged the Chinese economy so the currency changed. However, they used the currency to make the economy running by changing currencies. From the time period from 500 to 1750, China always has been manufacturing and producing their own needs. They imported goods they didnt have or things that couldnt be grown in their region but it wasnt common. Also, China always been exporting because of the amount of resources they had(huge). Their goods changed as time progressed and they imported/exported different goods. The Chinese people exported luxury times, slaves, jewelries, corn, and etc from different time periods. However, they were always exporting goods which circulated and stimulated the world economy today too. China supported silver during the Ming dynasty which became in very high demand. China exported large amount of goods of luxury items in order to pay for the silver. The continuity that occurred was always has using the Indian Ocean Basin for trade and exporting goods. It was their maritime trade route which has been continuous like the Silk Road. Chinese cargos constantly roamed around the Indian Ocean Basin. exporting and selling goods all over the world, stimulating the world economy. Chinas global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs changed and continued from 500 to 1750. China always had resources and goods available. China didnt have to import often because most of the products were often produced or grown in China. However, China exported tons of things under the Indian Ocean basin. Not only did they only use the Indian Ocean Basin but also the Silk Road. The Silk Road was an important factor in trading and in diffusion. However, due to diseases, maritime trade, and bandits, the Silk Road lost fame. The change of in currency into silver under the Ming dynasty also had a big impact on Chinas economy. These factors had a significant impact in the circulation of global ideas, traditions, and technology. These factors also led to the change and continuity of global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs from 500 to 1750.

Advantages Or Disadvantages To Popular Tourist Areas

Advantages Or Disadvantages To Popular Tourist Areas There is no doubt that modern tourism has become one of the biggest popular industries in the world nowadays. It is an activity in which people can recreate and relax themselves. Furthermore, it seems that tourism not only can improve the transportation and most public facilities of a country, but also it can improve local services such as entertainment, accommodation, catering and hospital for tourists and local people. For another thing, tourism stimulates the growth of local economy. Even more, large numbers of organizations and governments invest much money in this industry at present. However, this essay will elaborate advantages and disadvantages of the way in which modern tourism affects the popular tourist areas in relations to the local services, local economy and environment and the local people. For one thing, one major advantage of tourism is the fact that developing travel industry can stimulate the popular tourist areas consumption ability and economy. According to the OVTA, there are 12 million visitors who travel to Ottawa and consume 128million dollars each year. Moreover, the development of tourism leads to generating 45 million dollars income for the local government per year (Chase, 2011). In addition, China National Tourism Administration showed that there is a 15 percent increase of the price level of products which selling in the Middle East and Europe during the New Year holidays, compared to their daily price. However, these increases give some impacts on ecnomy and it is reported that in 2010, 52 million Chinese people travelled abroad (Lixia, 2011). For another thing, tourism industry either can increase peoples income and the rate of employment. As David Cameron says in Barnett (2010), if the UK tourism industry can attract 0.5% more international tourists, this could generate 50,000 new jobs for local citizens. Thus, it is obvious that tourism directly increase the employment rate because those industries like accommodation, tour, travel operations and factories manufacturing can provide large numbers of employment opportunities for the local people (Nworisara, 2011). These business operations invisibly generate large revenue to the government. Therefore, most countries or investors make huge investments in the tourism industry because of its potential of boosting economic growth. Thus, developing tourism industry is the main contributor of the stimulation of the local economy. Furthermore, tourism plays an important role on improving the living standards of the local people by improving communitys facilities and services. It can be seen that Hong Kong has become a famous and popular attraction, whether for mainland people or international people nowadays. What is more, it is reported that the Tourism Commission invested HK$50 million to improve the tourism infrastructural. For example, it would improve the scenic square, the public facilities at Lantau Ngong Ping 360, the pedestrian bridge at the east of Tsim Sha Tsui, and upgrade some tourism signboards for tourists. Besides that, Hong Kong would improve the services of online ticket-selling, which make more convenient for tourists (Mercier, 2009). There is no doubt that these kinds of infrastructures and facilities will considerably benefit for the local people and improve their living standards. Besides that, the transportation and public services have an impact on the tourism industry, which also influ ence the local peoples living standards and the tourism industry itself. Take Beijing as an example: in order to welcome the Olympics Games, the government of China made regulations to improve environment and repair the tourism resources, public services and facilities. During the period of Olympics Games, ten million tourists visited Beijing and there was no complaint or dissatisfaction with the hotels, public services and attractions (Alcantara, 2010). If facilities or services are not improved and cause tourists lots of inconvenient, this will easily push them to give up or change their travel plans. Finally, it seems that it is a good opportunity to protect the culture and heritage when developing modern tourism. The WTO estimates that there would be an increase of 15% in the areas of cultural tourism each year (Nworisara, 2011). Most tourists are willing to spend money to learn and understand different cultures and customs of different countries. Taking the European tourism industry as an example, a growing number of people prefer to visit Europe, especially Italy, France, Spain and so on. The main reason is that the governments of those countries understand the importance of the heritage and history of a country. It is a character or symbol of that country. Thus, the government is willing to spend money remodeling and restoring the heritage. For instance, the Indian government regarded Jammu and Kashmir as a heritage attraction for visitors. Thus, it foucused on it and started to protect it to attract tourists (Naseem, 2009). It is well know that protecting a countrys culture and heritage is a big challenge, but it is very important because they represent the identity of the country. Moreover, visitors can understand deeply the local culture only by visiting it. Thus, in order to attract more tourists to popular tourist areas, both the government and the tourism industry have a responsibility to preserve the local heritage and culture. However, firstly, it must be admitted that tourism brings many disadvantages. Without doubt the most obvious disadvantage is that tourism has negative effects on the local environment and the eco-system. For instance, it is well known that the Hawaiian eco-system is the most diverse in the world. Nevertheless, due to the development of tourism industry, a large number of infrastructures such as hotels and restaurants were built, leading to the local environments deterioration. Besides that, it is reported that 60% of animal and plant species are dying out in Hawaii (Darowski, Strilchuk, Sorochuk Provost, 2006). Bali is another example: it has been found that six tourist beaches, which include Kuta, Legian, Nusa Dua, Jimbaran, Tanjung Benoa and Canggue are contaminated. This is because the waste from hotels, restaurants and other hospitality and tourist-related businesses cannot be dealt with effectively (Kencana A., 2010). It is obvious that a lot of businessmen do not care if the e nvironment becomes bad, they just consider whether they can earn money or not. In addition, a number of tourists have the bad habit of throwing waste everywhere. Thus, the local environment becomes worse and influences the eco-systems. Secondly, tourism has a bad impact on the society and culture of the popular tourist areas. For example, it is well known that Indonesia is a special country which has a special cultural history. However, in order to attract more tourists and meet their needs, some original customs have changed, such as dances performed only in every 60 years while nowadays they are performed weekly. Besides that, original temples used to be quiet places while today they are always overcrowded with tourists. In addition, masks, costumes and jewelry which were used for religious rituals, have a special and unique meaning. In order to earn money, companies produce these productions largely and sell them in antique shops. Even more, most arts forms such as paintings and sculptures have been adjusted according to the taste of the current market. Furthermore, it seems that these cultural and social changes not only influence the local people, but also it may lead people to forget the original culture due to the commercial influences. For instance, in order to earn more money, investors have driven local communities out of their lands and even beaches, which influence the temples and local people of Bali. The resorts also would threaten the temples cosmological primacy (Wijaya, 2008). Thirdly, although the development of tourism has lots of advantages, however, it often do some unethical behaviors from local people and industry. For instance, when they lack employees in the peak season, some hotels and restaurants recruit low skilled people or people who are under 18 years old. Even more, lots of illegal migrants are working in tourism and hospitality industry. It is reported that there are around 12 million illegal immigrant people in the United States, and the American Tourism and Hospitality industry employed them because they would pay them a lower wage. In fact, it is argued that these illegal immigrants are substitutes for low-skilled workers (Fedeli, 2010). It seems that recruiting employees who are low-skilled and unprofessional is only benefit to the companies because they get low salaries. Actually, this is not good for the tourists because it easily causes troubles as these employees cannot deal with at urgent situations. Thus, it gives unsafe feeling t o the tourists and that leads to hinder the development of tourism industry and also gives a bad imagine to this popular tourist areas. In conclusion, it is clear that there could be great benefits to develop the tourist industry if governments and companies take the local environment into consideration. Furthermore, if all tourists obeyed the local rules and culture, the beautiful attractions will not be contaminated. What is more, if each person is aware of the importance of protecting our history and culture, the tourism industry can develop better and more and more people can have the opportunity to explore the history of the popular tourist areas. There is no doubt that developing tourism industry is essential and one of the reasons for this is that people can learn more about this world. Therefore, each person has a responsibility to protect the popular tourist areas. Word count: 1526

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Karl Marx Communism biographies Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Karl Marx was a professional intellectual and philosopher. Throughout Marx's life, chance meetings with other professional intellectuals and philosophers helped guide Marx to his final destination. Although Marx died in March of 1883, some 122 years ago, his theories are still being studied, and in some cases, used in some governments. In his lifetime Marx explored many different social settings and groups. His final accumulation of work can be found in his Communist Manifesto, which he co-authored with Fredrick Engels. Although very meager at times, Marx lived an extraordinary life. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier Rheinish Prussia (Germany). Although his family was ultimately Jewish, Karl's father, Hirschel Marx, changed the family's religion to Protestant to avoid anti-Semitism. Later, to avoid further persecution, Hirschel changed his name to Heinrich 1. Young Karl was raised mostly in Prussia. Once he had graduated from the Gymnasium, today's equivalent of high school, Marx entered Bonn University to continue his education and follow in his father's footsteps as a lawyer. While at Bonn, Karl spent much of his time socializing and running up large debts. Karl was once wounded during a duel, because a debt collector2. After hearing about Karl's attitude towards higher education, Heinrich paid off his son's depts. However the injury involving the duel made Heinrich insist that Karl no longer attend Bonn, but instead move to Berlin and attend the University of Berlin. While in Berlin, Karl met a lecturer named Bruno Bauer. While under Bauer's influence, Marx was introduced to the writings of G.W.F. Hegel, whom had been a fellow lectur... ...y his wife's passing, Marx needed his eldest daughter, Eleanor, to take care of him. In January 1883 Eleanor herself passed away due to cancer of the liver. Marx, left to take care of himself, died three months later in March of 1883. Although Marx and his wife were separated by death for over two years, they now lay side by side at Highgate Cemetery in London. Notes 1 Frank E. Manuel, A Requiem for Karl Marx (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995) 12 2 V.I. Lenin, The Marxists Internet Archive, 16 September 1999, (9 March 2002) 3 Spartacus Educational, 3 March 2002 (9 March 2002) 4 Richard P. Appelbaum, Karl Marx Vol. 7 of Masters of Social Theory (Newbury Park: SAGE Publications, 1988) 5 Appelbaum, 21 6 Manuel, 35 7 Manuel, 37

ark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Twain Huck Finn

A home is normally portrayed as a dwelling in which a person feels safe and is able to be themselves. In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, Huck, the protagonist, thinks of the river as his home. All his life the shore has had negative connotations, but after he moves to the river, everything changes for the better. While on land, he is brutalized by his father, forced into conformity by Miss Watson, and a witness to a murder. While on the river, he finds his family and learns to relax. There are many examples of family in the novel, some functional, others figurative. When Huck is on the land, he encounters many different types of families; including his relationship with his father, Pap. Pap has many views about how Huck should be raised, including his belief that Huck should not be taught to read; â€Å"You’re educated, too, they say; can read and write. You think you’re better’n your father, now, don’t you, because he can’t?... I’ll lay for you, my smarty; and if I catch you about that school, I’ll tan you good† (18). Pap’s reaction to Huck’s education is appalling. As a father, he should only have Huck’s best interest at mind, not concentrating on keeping his child illiterate. Unfortunately, this is not the only example of familial dysfunction we see in the novel. When Huck loses Jim in the water, he washes up and is found by the Grangerfords. This animalistic family is feuding with a neighboring clan, the Shepherdsons, when neither side knows the actual root of the argument. These two families are heartless, and even though they seem civilized enough with their formalities and nice houses, they are savages. Death is a common occurrence, towards which an eyelash never batted. Huck meets his counterpart, Buck, and soon sees how deranged this family really is with the death of Mr. Grangerford. â€Å"[Buck] said his father and his two brothers was killed..Buck said his father and brothers ought to waited for their relations-- the Shepherdsons were too strong for them† (97). Even though Huck feels like he fits in with the Grangerfords, he is horrified at the way they view the deaths of their kinsmen. When Buck dies, Huck becomes very upset, solely because one of the few people who he has cared about is dead. Although Huck feels an attachment to the Grangerfords, they do not function as a family and do not treat him accordingly.

Deriving Meaning from William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife Ess

Deriving Meaning from William Carlos Williams', The Young Housewife Everything depends on perspective. The uniqueness we bring to our reading is essential to the absorption of poems with Imagist elements. An example of this is the poem, "The Young Housewife", by William Carlos Williams. Perhaps it was a streak of laziness on my part, but I had very little imagination to offer this poem. Having had no experience as such, I didn't identify with the young housewife, the fish-man, the ice-man, or even the dramatically fallen leaf. What I initially saw was a jumble of thoughts arranged neatly into three very brief verses. The biographical information about the author provided in the Third Edition of the Heath Anthology of American Literature ¹ describes Williams' writings as reflections on the "...disjunction of modern life in broken lines and flashes of incomplete thought." Exactly. Only, I was left to wonder how it could be that this was meant by the biographer to be complimentary. Seems to me that somewhere along the way I picked up the notion that incomplete thoughts were a bad thing.... Granted, the concept of Imagism is not lost on me. Read after read of this poem led me to believe that it is very true that reality is created in the act of our perceiving it. I could take on any perspective or mindset and find applicable passages that would lend themselves wholeheartedly to whatever arguments of meaning I could come up with. Perhaps I have an imagination after all. Considering the lack of natural meaning that I initially got out of the poem, I ended up doing a systematic dissection of the lines to extract a meaning I could expound upon. Despite the fact that doing this meant go... ...ing. Here we have the husband taking action in his own way to ensure that his leaf remain not only under a watchful eye, but also under the thumb of his silent, yet ultimately draining, power. Little thought is obviously given to whether the leaf itself remains young and vibrant or if it slowly dries up. Williams use of visual writing enables the poem to close with a vivid flourish and a tone of smugness as the narrator finally passes by with a bow and a smile. You sense the crushing of another leaf whom he'd help to fall unwittingly. It's a stretch, yes, but when you read the poem with the sympathy this theory evokes, its meaning is changed and so too is your view. There's suddenly a reason for this poem. 1.) Lauter, Paul (1998). pg. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY

Diego Run

MY ESSAY It could be argued that some of the issues explored in Diego, run are not specific to the Bolivian population, but to all people in all circumstances. Discuss the relevance of the issues explored in Diego, Run! To people in Australia today. The novel Diego, Run! By Debora Ellis’ explores what life in a third world country is like and how it could be anywhere in the world. She shows us what poverty, child labour and the drug trade can be like; she also shows how all three of these major themes can be influenced by each other.Throughout the novel we are taken on a journey to the Bolivian country that shoes us what life can be really like when you are effected by the major themes in the book, no matter where you are or who you are you could be affected. Child labour is a downside in the novel Diego, Run! Child labour is an issue that is also a high problem in our first world country today. In third world countries, sometimes there may be no choice and child labour is the only option but it is still highly wrong.Child labour is when a child is legally too young to be in the work force, they should be out getting and education and having fun but are being forced to work for the poorness of their families. Throughout Diego, run! Diego who is 12 years of age is forced to do taxi jobs throughout the prison every day. He has no choice but to run errands as a taxi so he can support his mother and baby sister to be able to sleep inside the crowded cell, if he didn’t support his mother in paying rent they would be forced to sleep outside of the prison.Child labour is always going to be played out throughout our society no matter how hard we try to ride it out, In Bolivia or in Australia, if you can see signs of poverty no doubt there will be Child Labour. Poverty is an overriding theme in the novel Diego, Run! and is the major cause of Child Labour. Everyone you look in today’s society you will be able to see a family or country living in pove rty which includes; lacking food, clothing and a place to live, this is a major problem in the Bolivian country, any third world country or any first world country. Evidence of poverty in Diego, Run!Are that Diego and his family have to rent out a cell in a prison just so they don’t have to sleep outside in the prison, this makes readers stunned and make them react to just how bad poverty can be. If there is poverty, parents will do as much as they can to support their family or force their child into child to make them help support the family. Poverty can make anyone want to earn money so they can make a living and attempt to live a better life for themselves and their family if they have one, if this means going into the drug trade then that’s what will happen no matter of the consequences.In the novel Diego, run! The dominate theme of the drug trade shows us how someone living in poverty relies on the drug trade to make a living. In Bolivia the police force is poor, so it would be easy for someone in poverty to start the making of drugs in the country and make a living. Anywhere you go you will discover some form of drug trade, from the young to the old. Bolivia is a third world country and people are living in poverty and this is the reason Diego goes into the drug trade in the first place, to help is family out.Diego was peer pressured into entering the drug trade by another boy in the prison; this is similar to our society as we don’t start smoking or taking drugs until our peers or parents encourage us to do so. Mando virtually brain washes Diego into going away into the drug world to make a living for his mum, he thinks he has no other option so he decides to go with him. First he has to earn some boliviano to have with him in his pocket and then write a note to lie to his mother about going to stay with his father for a while.Ultimately as long as you have poverty you will have child labour and a drug trade. Family’s going through a tough time will take their child out of education to force them into child labour to earn a living for their family. No matter where you go, or where you come from, a first world county or a third world country you will soon stumble across signs of poverty, child labour and the drug trade. Deborah Ellis has written a very inspiring novel, Diego, Run! To inform us about what things are really like in today’s society.

Bcg Matrix’s Problems and Its Reconstruction

Exploring the Role of Management Accounting Systems in Strategic Sensemaking We are gonging to critically evaluate an article on the Exploring the Role of Management Accounting Systems in Strategic Sensemaking by authors Marcus Heidmann, Utz Schaffer and Susanne Strahringer. Title, Abstract and Introduction We think that the abstract provides sufficient information, identifies main issues in the article and explain the purpose of writing this article, and echo each other at the title. The introduction is very informative.It illustrated two main problems (interpretation and logistical problem), which related to understanding the role of MAS in strategic sensemaking. The interpretation perspective defined strategic sensemaking as a learning process, and interactive use of MAS have positive influences. However, interactive perspective neglects the relationship between MAS use and MAS dimension. The logistical perspective just said MAS dimensions is important in this information processi ng, but not explain how MAS dimensions contribute to strategic sensemaking.Both information processing did not deal with these problems. Theoretical framework In the literature view authors defined strategic sensemaking as the individual process of observing, interpreting, and communicating strategic issues. Through these three successive processes to understand how managers use the management accounting system and how MAS dimensions contribute to this use. Management accounting system in the observation phase, there are two characteristic modes of observation – scanning and focused search.Scanning behaviour can provide managers with different perspectives on strategic issues and it is more likely to accommodate new information. However, managers are more likely to use MAS for focused search, which can faster identificated the problems in areas covered by the system. It is required by executives because the limited attention capacity to achieve targets. We must concerned that the statistical analysis and data mining technique can reveal the weak value information from the various kinds of data which people usually cannot find out directly.High level of formalization as the character of MAS that focus attention on selected areas, whereas potential loss at other important areas and cause constrain the information. Authors said consistent data will reduce scanning behaviour and may decrease the possibility that strategic issues are identified. We thought these situations will occur, but managers use the MAS for focused search is inevitable. How to use their MAS for scanning and focused search together and have the greatest efficiency is worth considering. In the interpretation phase, authors thought manager’s awareness is a key factor to interpret strategic issues accurately.Reliable information related to controliability perceptions and external information can reduce bias, errors and potential to increase confidence in judgement by consistent info rmation. Therefore, MAS also can increase awareness during issue interpretation. Manager’s awareness and more extra information were useful, but managers use MAS determine strategic issues is important as well. Another point about MAS in form of short-termism have side-effects and harmful to the interpretation of strategic can balance the effect of short-term performance.Correct form and flexible MAS information style are other factors effect strategic issues. However, we felt that this point may not key point in this phase. Authors stated find more extra information with a great degree of manager’s awareness to interpretation strategic issues. In the final phase – communication phase, authors introduce a new definition about media richness, which separated by three levels. High media richness of MAS should have a positive effect on sensemaking, but did not have enough evidence to prove there have positive influences.On the other hand, managers use interactive M AS has positive impact on communication which reduced equivocality of strategic issues. The interactive use of MAS contributes to strategic sensemaking by providing directions and facilitating interactive that help to resolve equivocality of strategic issues is the biggest positive effect in communication phase. Authors further described the quality dimension of MAS, and proposed that when evaluating the MAS’s effectiveness, not only the information characteristics, but the system quality dimensions (integration, flexibility, accessibility, formalisation and media richness) should be considerate.Of course, the integration analysis of information quality dimensions and system quality dimensions will give the comprehensive assessment of MAS’s role in stagey sensemaking. Authors have given the overall research framework. Information and system quality dimensions, both impact the three phases, which in turn impacts the effectiveness of MAS for strategic sensemanking. Howev er, in our view, the research framework is too coarse. Is there interaction between the information quality and system quality? If exist, how is its impact on the MAS effectiveness, Are there any counteraction from MAS use to information quality and system quality?All these question are not involved. Impact of MAS on Processes in Strategic Sensemaking Authors of the article use some statistics to explain how MAS influence processes in strategic sensemaking. We think they have interpreted what MAS can bring to companies. On observation, from doing some research and statistics analyzing, they get a high association between interactive use and focused search supports the notion that managers use MAS to look for specific information that is useful to discuss strategic issues. It is useful for us to understand the influence of MAS.On interpretation, they say some people suggest that the processes to prepare MAS information can also increase awareness. It is a positive impact. They also d oubt whether a high level of MAS formalization negatively impacts in strategic sensemaking. But they do not say how to solve this problem. If a high level of MAS formalization has been used in companies, how to avoid changes and risks? On communication, they analyze particularly what positive impact MAS can bring in strategic sensemaking, such as on communication. In strategic sensemaking it is important that information concerning strategic issues is communicated to managers who have complementary information or are able to take action. † We all agree this point of view. Authors also tell us that there are two kinds of interaction when asked about the role of MAS information. It can help us understand what MAS information can help to companies. However, it does not say how the system can function effectively between managers and staff. For example, how to forecast negative problems occur in the future?How to make this system flexibility in order to be suitable for more and mo re companies? We think there are still more important views do not be mentioned in this article. Although they use some cases to show some positive impact, it does not mean that systems are perfect. And the article does not tell us how to avoid any other questions such as how to avoid some risks when MAS be used. We agree that there must have some unstable elementary. We find another article talks about the effectiveness of management accounting systems. It also does not mention how managers can use it effectively.Because there may have some negatively impacts if every manager use a high level of MAS formalization. From these two articles we can find that it is essential to solve this problem. We think there must have some risks if the level of management accounting system becomes too high. Although it has many positive impacts, it still cannot forecast risks in the future. Many managers try to deal with this problem through tools, but this is not sustainable. A good management acco unting system should be a long-term management system not just a high level system.It should consider risks and changes for companies in the future. We suggest that do more research for this system. Asking more managers for this system is essential, in order to find some negative impacts and solve them. Research Methodology Authors focus on measurement instruments of observation communication, and effectiveness of management accounting system in strategic sensemaking to make this research. Because the limited empirical evidence, complex and broad phenomenon, the most of relationships suggested are only tentative.Therefore, the authors of the article state that: we chose an exploratory multiple-case design with 30 top and middle managers of 7 large companies in Germany. In the aspect of select sample, the authors introduce too detailed of the sample, and the range of the sample just limited in the companies of Germany. No explanation for the professional term such as replication logi c. The highlight of this article is that authors collect data through semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. The diversified methods of data collection can obtain different result to be analyzed.Although the author has taken some steps to reduce hindsight bias and allow the identification of unconscious effects of MAS in strategic sensemaking, the authors do not explain why the data have to be avoiding these situations and how these data affect the result in the part of semi-structured interviews. In the aspect of questionnaire, the authors quote a large number of words to introduce and explain which methods and aspects they used for data collection and analyze of the questionnaire. However, authors do not explain the absent questionnaire whether it is influence the survey or not.Furthermore, the incomplete questionnaire might affect the accuracy of the result possibly. For analysis result, authors should explain more particularly and do not just use two number of percentage s to illustrate. This paper needs some specific data to support the summary in the research. We suggest that authors can add more explanations for the professional term and reduce some unnecessary introduction such as for sample or give more detailed data in the appendix. Comparison to another article We compared this article with another similar one.The title of the comparison article is â€Å"The effectiveness of management accounting systems† by Teerooven Soobaroyen and Bhagtaraj Poorundersing. In Teerooven’s paper, Regarding that there is little consideration of other more mainstream contextual factors such as uncertainty and decentralization(DEC) applied on research of the effectiveness of MAS, in addition to the information quality dimensions, in assessment of effectiveness of MAS, they focused on the effect of two contextual variables, namely task uncertainty (TU) and DEC.They thought the absence of evidence on its actual timeliness, aggregation and integration may limit the benefits of knowing how far broad scope information has had am impact in the first place. Moreover, traditional methods usually are carried under some hypothetical conditions which often opposed to actual conditions, and this could undermine the practicality or validity of the results. Considering the impact of situational variables on the state of available MAS will be more near the practical situation.That the evidence on the influence of contingent variables in the relationship between MAS and managerial performance remains incomplete and of limited usefulness also make it reasonable. However, unlike Teerooven’s paper, the author of this paper take consideration of system quality dimensions in addition to information quality dimensions, they recognised that not only the information quality itself but also the system performance on processing information can have impact on the analysis of MAS’s role.In these two articles, both of them have their own emp hasis, however, if combing their thoughts, more comprehensive, more extract evaluation of MAS would be acquired. The same aspects in select sample, there are more researchers and set out the requirements of sample selection in the comparison article. The author comments that â€Å"in this respect, the following lists and databases were used to triangulate and identify a reasonably full and reliable list of manufacturing companies†¦.. † In the aspect of research method, the choose of this article are compared as deeper discussion of this research.Teerooven comment that: MAS play a significant intervening role between task uncertainty (TU) and decentralization (DEC)†. We feel that it is relevant to make valid comparison. The author chose to conduct their research using a questionnaire survey. Although we believe that the interview of semi-structured and questionnaire are superior to just sending out questionnaires, the comparison article may produce more accurate res ult due to using a large amount of research objects and screening by Teerooven and Bhagtaraj.For the aspect of design questionnaire, the highlight of the comparison article is that there are total 41 questions which are divided into five parts about MAS. According to the different management structure of the companies, the authors of the comparison article design two different questionnaires which are â€Å"Sale/marketing manager† and â€Å"Production/operations manager† and give full of time to respond within three weeks. The design of questionnaire has played an important role for the research result.In the aspect of research result, authors also have clearly classified above all aspect. There are not present in the article and we feel that this is a major weakness of the article by Marcus, Utz and Susanne. On the other hand, the comparison article have put into data result and the questionnaire template in the appendix. We feel that authors can expand the range of s ample selection or add another research method to analyze. ConclusionAccording to the knowledge what we learn and some relevant knowledge what we not familiar with, we are not sure that we propose some questions and doubt is reasonable. But we feel that the article have some questions like that the research framework is unsophisticated, there is not correlative between information quality and system quality and the problem is when the company has use the high level MAS formalized, which methods are used to improve and reduce the risk.For details of the problems, the author can deal with a more particularly and improve some shortcomings, to make the article more fluently, such as no explanation for the professional term. Bibliography Poorundersing. B and Soobaroyen,T (2008) The effectiveness of management accounting systems, published by Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: http://www. emeraldinsight. com. libaccess. hud. ac. uk/journals. htm? issn=0268-6902&volume=23&issu e=2&articleid=1641976&show=pdf&PHPSESSID=lcnec7hn2ja606agg4g49si4u5 [accessed at 20 March 2012 ]