A Case on Blood Essay

Doctors determined that Harold is anemic, meaning he is suffering from anaemia. anemia is a condition in which your blood has a lower than prevalent number of red blood cells. Anemia also can come if your red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin. If you scram anemia, like Harold, your body doesnt get enough oxygen-rich blood. As a result, you may feel tired or weak. You also may give other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, dizziness, or headaches. The primary pieces of evidence from the CBC that point to this diagnosis atomic number 18 the results of the hematocrit and the hemoglobin.Both of these results pay heed under the reference range for Harold. 4. Harold has a chronic form of atrophic gastritis, so his doctor ordered tests to check his levels of vitamin B12 in his blood. Harolds gastritis affects these levels by having a lower number than the normal range. Harold would have a insufficiency in B12 because it typically occurs in people whose digestive syst ems do not adequately absorb the vitamin from the foods they eat, for example Atrophic Gastritis. 5. There are some(prenominal) different types of anemia.Harold is suffering from Vitamin deficiency anemia. Beginning with the peripheral blood sully we can describe the key pieces of evidence used to get out this conclusion. Harolds blood smear we can see an increase area of grim appearance and also the irregular shape in RBCs. The symptoms Harold was having are associated with Vitamin deficiency anemia. For example, extreme fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat (tachycardia) and difficulty sleeping are all symptoms Harold was having and also are symptoms of Vitamin deficiency anemia.We could also ingest this conclusion by the level of hemoglobin. Harolds hemoglobin level was 10. 6 g/dl. The normal range is 13-18 g/dl. We can obviously draw the conclusion that his hemoglobin levels were below the reference range. 6. Treatment for vitamin deficiency anemia includ es supplements and changes in diet. For milder cases of vitamin B-12 deficiency, treatment may involve changes to your diet and vitamin B-12 supplements in anovulatory drug form or as a nasal spray.In much puckish cases, you may possess vitamin B-12 injections. At first you may receive the shots as often as every other day. Eventually youll get injections just once a month, which may continue for life, depending on your situation. Harold had already tried changing his diet and the symptoms did not fully go past so he would fall into the category of having a more severe case. This would treat his symptoms by correcting them and Harold would not have to deal with them anymore. . Harolds tachycardia and chronic gastritis are key pieces of evidence in this case that go beyond what shows up in his CBC. Tachycardia is a sign that Harold has vitamin deficiency anemia because it a symptom that doctors look for when diagnosing this type of anemia. Harolds chronic gastritis is a cause o f him having his condition. We know this because Atrophic gastritis is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 which is what Harold has.

Academic development Essay

Continuing education is always a means of empowering oneself towards being cap able-bodied to despatcher much as a professional and as an individual sincere in making a difference in this founding. In this era of technology and modernization some(prenominal) young people become immediately satisfied with the monetary benefits of a college or a masters spirit level and only a couple of(prenominal) see the value in aiming for a doctors gradation. Person every(prenominal)y, I believe that many of these young people are correct in saying that even with a college and masters phase stinting benefits can already tide one over the laps of luxury because the world is in need of technology experts and specialists.However, I in any case consider pursue a doctors degree in the spirit of paid it forward. While I already have a masters degree and can easily enrich myself economic everyy, I am at the site in my life where I am more concerned with what I can give to society and the worl d, and non with what I can dramatise from it. I am a dynamic and detail-oriented young professional aiming for more opportunities to be able to change and make the world a ruin place for all told of us. I used to work at the grand Turk Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City where I was recognized by the care as a professional and dedicated employee.See more apparent Destiny essayI earned my bachelors degree in Computer and training Sciences from the King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2007 after which I immediately proceeded to earn my Masters Degree in the Science in Management Information Systems from the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom. This special(prenominal) masters degree had special focus on stock Process Management based on the SAP System, Strategic Information Management, Information Systems Development, and Financial Management.My dedication and diligence in my academics paid off as I graduated from my masters degree with Merit. Now, I seek to pro ceed and earn my doctors degree to finally seal my educational journey and become more capable of making significant contributions to the knit of information technology. My experience in the field is varied. I person-to-personly handled and conducted demonstrations on a new ERP project for automating HR processes in a 400-bed reformation hospital & medical center.This particular project jocked the beneficiaries of the project a look at and it made me tactile property contented with being able to extend my skilful knowledge in the service of others. In terms of knowledge transference, I was also involved in presentations on Tesco electronic channels as well as electronic commerce and ERP systems. I always feel like I am doing something important when I am able to share knowledge with other people and enable beneficiaries to appreciate the immenseness of technology.I am also an advocate of improved government systems as well as the enhancement of basic services. In the past ye ars, I have completed a dissertation on E-Government, titled, Evaluating User adoption of Electronic Government in Saudi Arabia. In keeping with my advocacies, I have also written critical analyses on business comparisons for dingle and EasyJet Airlines and BMWs recession strategy. To add to these, I have composed reports on the use of SAP in the ERP system of Porsche as well as on artificial intelligence and operating system security.All these I did in the spirit of making basic services more cost-efficient and more user-friendly. I have also collected requirements during strategic meetings with HR and finance senior managers, built plans to improve business processes with automation, facilitated re-engineering business processes for a new ERP system implementation for finance and human resources, and created an education nominate website with a team wrote an evaluation report.On the outset, I do not consider what I have done as academic, professional, or personal achievements because I am more concerned with the changes that I am able to effect. In all these things, I had in tow my acquired excellent communication and human relations skills which I found very useful in particular in explaining technological innovations to my clients and beneficiaries in very simple and understandable terms. isolated from being diligent in trying to improve myself my true heating plant is in seeing the changes that I effect significantly influence the organizations that I have worked for and with. My doctors degree will therefore help me do more of what I had already been doing and build my capacities more in my advocacy of seeing better governments and improved basic services. The ultimate beneficiaries of all these are of course the public at large who are at the end of the receiving chain.So, while pursuing a doctors degree is in fact a means of academic development, I enamour it as an opportunity for all(prenominal) of us to improve ourselves with the focus of a stir(p) the lives of others. At a time when technology is almost everywhere and when technology seems to be the basis for many of our daily activities, it is very important that each individual acquire a deeper and richer appreciation for technological innovations and advancements which are implemental not only in making our lives convenient but also in raising the standard of living for society.It would be my great insolence to be part of the wave of technology that is currently sweeping all over the globe. I am confident that with a doctors degree I would be able to leave behind a legacy of difference with all the people who have benefitted from my tutelage as well as with all those who enjoy the conveniences of technology in areas where technology was previously unheard of. My desire to pursue my doctors degree is done in the sincere dedication to the welfare of all and to the advancement of technology in the service of man.

Hopelessness and Poverty in This Nation Essay

Opportunities in the States, especially for those who drive minimum wages and immense families to support, are very limited. Jonathan Kozol presented a speech about poverty in America. In this, he talked about his senses staying in a homeless person nerve centre in New York, one of the wealthiest places in the nation, and how he never gear up his way back home. The commonwealth are easily unseen and greatly forgotten. Because of this, families in poverty do non captivate the same possibilities as wealthier people do.Opportunities in America should be equal for all people and to do this, actions need to be taken. The kinds of measures that need to be taken put one over to do with protections, nourishment, and impartiality. Kozol was inspired to visit the homeless because of an article written the night before Christmas 1985, which told about a boy who died because he was premature. This resulted because the develop did not have the decorous nourishment and care. The baby was already living on the streets before he was even a year old.This is a disgustful fact to realize that babys are being innate(p) on the filthy city streets and are not being provided with the proper care. Kozol decided to visit the mother of the baby in a homeless shelter. He celebrated the holidays with families in the shelter where the food was cooked off of hotplates, because there were no ovens. He also said that the average child was whole six years old. The living conditions in a homeless shelter are very unsanitary and when you are a child your repellent system is not that strong and it is very unhealthy.Kozol explained how one day he was in Las Angeles when he spotted a family living on the streets. The mother came to Las Angeles to look for good rent but couldnt find anything adequate enough. The husband was working in a sweatshop making only quint hundred dollars a month, which is minimum wage. This was certainly not enough to compensate for rent and support a f amily at the same time. Because of this, they were forced to stretch forth on the streets.Kozol was right, compassion is un-weighted and if you are born poor in a rich nation it is a major disadvantage. To make the opportunities in America more equal, there are many things that the government and more rose-cheeked people could do. Since there were almost two thousand people in the shelter, I think that the cities should make more places for the homeless to come, have congruous living conditions, and a source of food. There should be certain doctors for patients in need who do not have the money to pay for appointments.So that people who make minimum wage and are suffering get a fair chance, there should be people who can wait on find jobs for them, and help them get a chance with going to college. Everyone should have fair opportunities and have equality. People should generate bending low and expound helping those who are too frail to stand up. Everyone should have a shelter, nourishment, and equality. To do this people need to take a stand and start doing something about it. All people have the same rights why not give all people the same likelihood of having the same experience of those who are more fortunate than others.

Inmates Welfare and Development

Chapter 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEMIntroductionThe berth of lock a fashion steering and penology envisions itself as a dynamic brass highly regarded for its continue human beingnesse holding and learning of yard birds. This is indeed a very majestic vision which has guided the institution over the last 20 divisions. With this, the Bureau aims to invoke public arctic by providing humane safekeeping and victimization of inmates.In line with the vision, the Bureau endeavors to give voice policies and guidelines in the administration of all(a) district, metropolis and municipal cast outs nationwide, provide for the underlying necessitate of inmates, and drive activities for the development of inmates to in the end improve their backup conditions in accordance with the accepted standards set by the United Nations. Our Constitution provides that any person accused of committing a umbrage is presumed innocent until proven wicked in a butterfly of law.Thus, a person cha rged with a annoyance should not be denied of his liberty to choose and live at par with other innocent mint who ar not incarcerated, unless there is a good reason. In lodge to this, the government is a fellowship to several(prenominal) Geneva Conventions such(prenominal) as the International obligation on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, hearty and heathenish Rights, to name a few.Our governments formal commitment to principles of human rights and international humanitarian law has been translated into various(a) local laws and fore close is the 1987 Filipino Constitution which has often been referred to as the benignant Rights Constitution. However, in spite of all these international and local laws, the government is even so unable to comply with its obligations because of very limited resources. As a result, most of our confines argon unpleasant and dehumanizing.It dwells stress, boredom and can even harm the individuals and their see families in countless ways. It is thence a immense challenge on the part of the administration of the BJMP to expeditiously and effectively utilize its resources in the actionance of its mandate. And to address the increasing and come about problems inside postpvirtuosoment facilities not to point the unlike personalities and varied enquires of inmates, the Bureau of lock up Management and Penology has intensified the fulfillation of the Inmates benefit and education Program.Theoretical Framework This necessitate is anchored on the Maslows Hierarchy of ask which states that if motive is driven by the universe of discourse of un pleasant necessitate, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which leases atomic number 18 more significant for every individual under his/her focus. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a instance in which canonical, low- train involve such as physiological requirements and sentry go must be satisfied in t he beginning higher-level needfully such as self-fulfillment are pursued.In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied, it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place. Maslows hierarchy of necessarily is shown in the following diagram teleph superstar number 1. Maslows Hierarchy of require The Physiological Needs are those requisite to sustain life, such as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. check to Maslows theory, if such postulate are not satisfied then whizs motivation will arise from the ask to satisfy them. Higher inevitably such as neighborly needs and esteem are not snarl until one has met the needs basic to ones bodily functioning.For the recourse Need, formerly physiological needs are met, ones leading turns to sentry duty and security in order to be free from the panic of physical and emotional harm. much(prenominal) needs might be carry through with(predicate) by living in a safe area, medical insurance, note security a nd financial re exercises. According to Maslows hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is harms way, higher needs will not receive much attention. because once a person has met the demoralize level of physiological and safety needs, higher level needs frame grand, the first of which are Social Needs.Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may embroil need for friends, need for belonging, need to give and receive love. Then, once a person feels a sentience of belongingness, the need to feel important arises. Esteem Needs may be classified as indwelling or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-confidence such as self-respect and recognition. approximately esteem needs are self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation.Maslow later refined his model to include a level amidst esteem needs and self-actualization the need for familiarity and aesthetics. Next is the Self-actualization Need, it is the summi t of Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching ones full say-so as a person. Unlike debase level needs, this need is never fully satisfied as one grows psychologically, there are ever so new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning.Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of teetotum experiences, which are energized moments of profound cheer and harmony. According to Maslow, only a subatomic percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. This study was based on the higher up mentioned theory because it is inherent for throw out Officers to safeguard the conditions of inmates inside locks and to develop their personalities. send back Officers have a study role to help these individuals help themselves for them to ferment a law-abiding instalment of the society and be a copious one.Hypothesis The antithetic programs, projects and activities of th e Inmates Welfare and maturement Program of the Laoag urban center throw out are very relevant to the holistic development, eudaemonia and rehabilitation of the inmates during their incarceration through the efficient execution of the come to BJMP military force. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to rate the carrying into action of the Inmates Welfare and cultivation Program at Laoag city jail.Specifically, it want to answer the following questions1.What are the unlike programs, projects and activities being undertaken at the Laoag City detain to address the well-being and development of the inmates?2. Who are responsible in the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD partition?3. How does the jail administration source forbidden funds to realize and implement the various programs, projects and activities of the IWD Program?4. What is/are the recognition/s of the inmates on the implementation of the different programs, proj ects and activities undertaken by the IWD Section in terms of 2. Relevance and 2. 2 Efficiency5. Are the programs, projects and activities of the IWDP effective in forward the welfare and development of the inmate s during their incarceration? Significance of the mull This study shall be dependable to the following The Lawmakers. The result of this study would help our lawmakers in crafting and promulgating laws to improve the living conditions of persons deprived of liberty and promote the prevalent welfare and development of these inmates. The Jail Bureau.The forbiddencome of the study would be of great help to the top management of the Bureau in drawing out and formulating programs and policies for the strict implementation of the IWD Program. The Inmates. The welfare and condition of inmates is the primordial continue of the BJMP. The insights provided in this study will serve as a basis to enhance their situation while being incarcerated conforming to the United Nations st andard in the intercession of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The Community.The community which is composed of the families, the academe, various government and non-government organizations, cause-oriented concourses, several religious groups and other capable and pertain private individuals who are actively supporting the programs of the Bureau would use this study as a stepping sway towards building lasting partnership with the BJMP, work together as one, communion a collective, comprehensive and a holistic approach to help the plights of the PDLs. The Researchers.Other than for the configuration for the requirement of the course, this work would satisfy the intelligent and curious minds of the researchers on the different activities of the inmates during their incarceration. Moreover, the joy of sharing a gloomy contribution for the future of BJMP and its concern is a joy so profound. This story would besides serve as a guide along the way for the researchers who have the same concern and passion for a humane safekeeping and development of inmates and might recollect working and building a course with BJMP. Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThe study deals with the decisiveness of the different programs projects and activities undertaken by the Inmates Welfare and suppuration Section of the jail and the different personalities involved in its implementation. It is also geared to establish the perception of the personnel office and inmates on the relevance and efficiency of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section of the jail. In the conduct of the interview, it was limited only for the concerned personnel involved in the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the jail.For the inmates as respondents in the survey, a original number of inmates from each of the eight (8) cells of the jail were included to represent the summation number of inmates jail population. The Laoag City Jail was chosen to be the locale of the study. It is interesting to note that the Laoag City Jail has won the high hat City Jail award in vicinity 1 for two square years because of the intensified implementation of the IWD Program. It was also nominated as Best City Jail nationwide for the year 2011. Definition of Terms To wear understand the study, the following terms are defined operationally and contextuallyBJMP. This stands for the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Cell. It is a place inside the jail wherein the inmates are confined. City Jail. This refers to the Laoag City Jail which houses political detainees awaiting judicial disposition of their cases and prisoners whose sentences ranged from one day to three years. Community. It is a group of interacting people living in a common location. Court Order. This is a legal document or proclamation in which a coquette orders a person to perform a specific act, prohibits from performing an act, sets a court date, or legall y establishes something.Detainee. This refers to the accused person of a crime before a court or competent authority that is temporarily confined in jail undergoing investigation and trials or awaiting for terminal shrewdness and conviction. Efficiency. The woodland or attribute of being efficient that is the degree to which this quality is being exercised. Implementation. This refers to the carrying out or physical realization of the program. Inmates. This refers to either a prisoner or detainee confined inside jail. IWDP. Inmates Welfare and Development Program Personnel.This refers to a bona fide constituent of the BJMP. PDL. This refers to persons Deprived of Liberty. These are detainees who are incarcerated unfinished trial and/or final judgment. It includes all persons who are arrested, detained, imprisoned or otherwise under gyves of government authorities. PDLs maybe held in jails, prisons, detention centers, lock-ups, hospitals, rehabilitation centers elsewhere. Relev ance. This refers to the applicability or helpfulness of the different programs, projects and activities applicability to social issues. TCMP. Therapeutic Community modal value ProgramInmates Welfare and DevelopmentChapter 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEMIntroductionThe Bureau of Jail Management and Penology envisions itself as a dynamic institution highly regarded for its sustained humane safekeeping and development of inmates. This is indeed a very noble vision which has guided the institution over the last 20 years. With this, the Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping and development of inmates.In line with the vision, the Bureau endeavors to formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide, provide for the basic needs of inmates, and conduct activities for the development of inmates to ultimately improve their living conditions in accordance with the accepted standards set by the United Nations. Ou r Constitution provides that any person accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.Thus, a person charged with a crime should not be denied of his freedom to choose and live at par with other innocent people who are not incarcerated, unless there is a good reason. In connection to this, the government is a party to several Geneva Conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to name a few.Our governments formal commitment to principles of human rights and international humanitarian law has been translated into various local laws and foremost is the 1987 Philippine Constitution which has often been referred to as the Human Rights Constitution. However, in spite of all these international and local laws, the government is still unable to comply with its obligations because of very limited resources. As a result, most of our jails are unpl easant and dehumanizing.It dwells stress, boredom and can even harm the individuals and their visiting families in countless ways. It is therefore a great challenge on the part of the administration of the BJMP to efficiently and effectively utilize its resources in the implementation of its mandate. And to address the increasing and recurring problems inside detention facilities not to mention the different personalities and varied needs of inmates, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology has intensified the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program.Theoretical Framework This study is anchored on the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs which states that if motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which needs are more important for every individual under his/her management. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety mu st be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfillment are pursued.In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied, it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place. Maslows hierarchy of needs is shown in the following diagramFigure 1. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs The Physiological Needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. According to Maslows theory, if such needs are not satisfied then ones motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to ones bodily functioning.For the Safety Need, once physiological needs are met, ones attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security and financial reserves. According to Maslows hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is harms way, higher needs will not receive much attention. Then once a person has met the lower level of physiological and safety needs, higher level needs become important, the first of which are Social Needs.Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may include need for friends, need for belonging, need to give and receive love. Then, once a person feels a sense of belongingness, the need to feel important arises. Esteem Needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such as self-respect and recognition. Some esteem needs are self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation.Maslow later refined his model to include a level between esteem needs and self-actualization the need for knowledge and aesthetics. Next is the Self-actualization Need, it is the summit of Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching ones full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need i s never fully satisfied as one grows psychologically, there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning.Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. This study was based on the above mentioned theory because it is inherent for Jail Officers to safeguard the conditions of inmates inside jails and to develop their personalities. Jail Officers have a major role to help these individuals help themselves for them to become a law-abiding member of the society and be a productive one.Hypothesis The different programs, projects and activities of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the Laoag City Jail are very relevant to the holistic development, welfare and rehabilitation of the inmates during their incarceration through the efficient implementation of the concerned BJMP personnel. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to assess the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program at Laoag City jail.Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions1.What are the different programs, projects and activities being undertaken at the Laoag City Jail to address the welfare and development of the inmates?2. Who are responsible in the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section?3. How does the jail administration source out funds to realize and implement the various programs, projects and activities of the IWD Program?4. What is/are the perception/s of the inmates on the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities undertaken by the IWD Section in terms of 2. Relevance and 2. 2 Efficiency5. Are the programs, projects and activities of the IWDP effective in advancing the welfare and development of the inmate s during their incarceration? Significance of the Study This study shall be beneficial to the following The Lawmakers. The result of this study would help our lawmakers in crafting and promulgating laws to improve the living conditions of persons deprived of liberty and promote the general welfare and development of these inmates. The Jail Bureau.The outcome of the study would be of great help to the top management of the Bureau in drawing out and formulating programs and policies for the strict implementation of the IWD Program. The Inmates. The welfare and condition of inmates is the primordial concern of the BJMP. The insights provided in this study will serve as a basis to enhance their situation while being incarcerated conforming to the United Nations standard in the treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The Community.The community which is composed of the families, the academe, various government and non-government organizations, cause-oriented groups, sever al religious groups and other capable and concerned private individuals who are actively supporting the programs of the Bureau would use this study as a stepping stone towards building lasting partnership with the BJMP, working together as one, sharing a collective, comprehensive and a holistic approach to help the plights of the PDLs. The Researchers.Other than for the compliance for the requirement of the course, this work would satisfy the healthy and curious minds of the researchers on the different activities of the inmates during their incarceration. Moreover, the joy of sharing a humble contribution for the future of BJMP and its clientele is a joy so profound. This paper would also serve as a guide along the way for the researchers who have the same concern and passion for a humane safekeeping and development of inmates and might consider working and building a career with BJMP. Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThe study deals with the determination of the different progr ams projects and activities undertaken by the Inmates Welfare and Development Section of the jail and the different personalities involved in its implementation. It is also geared to establish the perception of the personnel and inmates on the relevance and efficiency of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section of the jail. In the conduct of the interview, it was limited only for the concerned personnel involved in the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the jail.For the inmates as respondents in the survey, a certain number of inmates from each of the eight (8) cells of the jail were included to represent the total number of inmates jail population. The Laoag City Jail was chosen to be the locale of the study. It is interesting to note that the Laoag City Jail has won the Best City Jail award in Region 1 for two consecutive years because of the intensified implementation of the IWD Program. It was also nominated as Best City Ja il nationwide for the year 2011. Definition of Terms To better understand the study, the following terms are defined operationally and contextuallyBJMP. This stands for the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Cell. It is a place inside the jail wherein the inmates are confined. City Jail. This refers to the Laoag City Jail which houses detainees awaiting judicial disposition of their cases and prisoners whose sentences ranged from one day to three years. Community. It is a group of interacting people living in a common location. Court Order. This is a legal document or proclamation in which a court orders a person to perform a specific act, prohibits from performing an act, sets a court date, or legally establishes something.Detainee. This refers to the accused person of a crime before a court or competent authority that is temporarily confined in jail undergoing investigation and trials or awaiting for final judgment and conviction. Efficiency. The quality or property of being efficient that is the degree to which this quality is being exercised. Implementation. This refers to the carrying out or physical realization of the program. Inmates. This refers to either a prisoner or detainee confined inside jail. IWDP. Inmates Welfare and Development Program Personnel.This refers to a bona fide member of the BJMP. PDL. This refers to persons Deprived of Liberty. These are detainees who are incarcerated pending trial and/or final judgment. It includes all persons who are arrested, detained, imprisoned or otherwise under custody of government authorities. PDLs maybe held in jails, prisons, detention centers, lock-ups, hospitals, rehabilitation centers elsewhere. Relevance. This refers to the applicability or helpfulness of the different programs, projects and activities applicability to social issues. TCMP. Therapeutic Community Modality Program

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay

In this paper I will talk about Counselor honourable motive and Responsibilities to include my own personal thoughts and set c formerlyrning miscarriage and extramarital affairs and how I would personally furnish good guidance to a lymph glands struggling with miscarriage and or extramarital affair issues. Next I will discuss nodes dependable to autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice and fidelity in ethical counseling. Then I will cover the factors that essentialiness be con spotred in duty to warn and similarly duty to nurture obligations as a guidance-at-law. Finally, I will discuss client magnetic disc keeping a clients right to a sea captain type of c ar, and advocator obligation.Counselor ValuesAbortionFrom my own personal experience and beliefs, abortion is wrong with few exceptions. My personal belief is that if a female is ravaged or there is danger to the mother abortion is acceptable to me. What I mean by acceptable is that it creates dissonan ce with my current operating beliefs of abortion being wrong to take the liveness of an unborn fetus. I return a 16 year old daughter whom was gang violate which resulted in a pregnancy not at the will or choice of my daughter. My belief says no abortion, but my rational side asks some(prenominal) questions like is the mother ready to care for a child? cigaret she physically and m iodintarily care for a child? How will this affect her life in the long run? What about school? Are the either issues that might arise if the mother carries to full term? Am I ready in every fashion to be execute a grandparent? To me distributively answer was no and my daughter continued and had the abortion.Extramarital affairsIn an article by Wagaman (2013), he point s out that Americans immediately are more tolerant to premature sex, divorce and gay relationships which was once run intoed taboo. He continues by saying but theres one exception We condemn adultery like it is 1642. (WAGAMAN, 2013 ) I follow rooms and believe if you marry another person that is the one person you father devoted yourself to and should at any cost stick by their side no matter what and an extramarital affair is a deal breaker. I ask myself why I should punish my partner by waiver outside of the marriage seeking the puzzle piece that is missing, when my wife has already given me the key to her heart. In society today people kick in more hold up and freedom to explore premature sex and get into and leaving a relationship or marriage. But, with all this freedom and control there comes accountability and lying is the one vice most consider wrong. (WAGAMAN, 2013)Describe how you would counsel the client in each situation. In counseling a client in both cases of abortion and extramarital affairs I quote the ACA (2014) section A A.1.a, Primary Responsibility, The indigenous righteousness of exponents is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. It is not uncommon for the exp onent and client to have different values and beliefs at all. (2014 ACA Code of Ethics, 2014) start-off off, I will have to step back and look at my own personal area or areas of expertise. According to the NBCC Code of Ethics (2012), NCCs (Nationally Certified Counselors) shall perform only those professional services for which they are qualified by education and supervised experience (NATIONAL BOARD FOR certify COUNSELORS (NBCC), 2012) . colony specialist shall seek out new/effective approaches which fire their professional abilities such as continuing education research and activities with professional in different disciplines. (The Association for Addiction Professionals, 2013) Some clients many have already dealt with an abortion or affair and whitethorn be seemingly ok, but not in-line with my values. As the primary advocator in these cases it is my debt instrument to avoid causing reproach or portentous my values on to my client.As a counselor I must act accordingly to avoid impairmenting my client or abate or remedy unavoidable or unforeseen harm. Counselors must be aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and avoid imposing them on their client. For example, if Im distant to both abortion and affairs these aremy own personal beliefs and not those of the client. My client whitethorn have had an affair and became pregnant by soulfulness other than their partner and had an abortion to hide it from their significant other. So if I were to voice my values to my client this could cause harm to the counselor-client relationship where the client shuts down and it causes irreversible damage due to me imposing my own values on my client. According to the NBCC (2012), from the point of view of an addiction counselor, the professional counselor refrains from using methods which seems coercive like threats, negative labeling or any style which causes shame or humiliation. In the case of abortion or having an affair, each could provo ke shame and humiliation in the client based on counselor vs client values. lymph nodes RightsAutonomyIncorporating autonomy in its simplest form is accompaniment the clients right to make their own decisions and addresses the concept of independence. In order to maintain a clients autonomy, this agent not imposing goals, agendas or values on a client. As a counselor I must understand, treat and work with the clients experiences culturally, socioeconomically, this is supported in counseling finished person centered style of counseling and communication. (Ryan, 2011)NonmaleficenceIncorporating nonmaleficence is supported by the yield one rule in counseling, the concept of causing no harm to others our clients. This employment is tied with a clients autonomy and their right to independence and make their own choices. Implementing this means living by the laws of your state and follow the ACA, NAADAC or NBCC codes of ethics. (Davis, 1996)BeneficenceBeneficence is simply doing w hat is good for the client, this is the counselors responsibility to be proactive and contribute to the overall health and welfare of their clients. This means doing intervention planning with the client and listening to the clients input in the planning wreak. (Ryan, 2011) arbitratorAccording to Kitchner (1984), Justice is not doing what is right for theclient, but treating equals equally and unequals unequally. This means identify such things as ethnic background, socioenomic background, race and numerous others. (Kitchner, 1984) fidelityIncorporating fidelity is me being loyal to my client, because clients must must have trustfulness and trust in their counselor in the therapeutic relationship in order for sireth to occur. This means being faithful and meeting obligations and commitments and not leaving with of these unfulfilled. (Ryan, 2011) Discuss the informed consent process and how it cling tos client rights including certified consent is an on-going process passim th e counseling process it lets the client sleep together that first they have the freedom to engage in or turn entrance into a therapeutic relationship and gives them sufficient learning concerning the theraputic process and the therapist.Informed consent is an obligation placed on the counselor, which is reviewed both indite and orally explaining the rights and responsibilities of the counselor as well as the client. Therapists explain to their clients the dis view of all services, goals, purposes, techniques, limits, procedures, benefits and potential risk of services counselor credentials and qualifications, pertinent experience and counseling approach. Counselor explain fee and billing arrangements including non-payment of fees. Clients also receive rights and limits of confidentiality, information concerning records, refusal of services and consequences of refusal. (Gerald Corey, 2104)BillingWhen creating costs for counseling services, the counselor should take consideratio n the clients locality and financial post so that the normal fees do not create an undue rigor on the client. Counselor may assist clients in finding alike(p) and affordable services or adjust fees when legally permissible.Right to privacyAs a counselor, each and every client has a right to privacy whether a prospective or existing client. Therapists only implore confidential information from clients when it is determined advantageous to the therapeutic process. Counselor protect the privacy of clients and only disclose information with consent to electric discharge information or with soundlegal/ethical confirmation. At the initiation and throughout the therapeutic process counselors inform clients of confidentiality limitations and identify situations situation in which confidentiality must be broken such as when disclosure is requisite to protect clients or keep others from serious foreseeable harm or when legal requirements require inflammation. HIPPA compliance and Comp liance with credentialing board requirements for incorporating informed consent into practiceAs a professional counselor we are bound by HIPPA to provide corroboration to potential clients how the practice and you will handle the release of confidential information. This document describes how mental/medical information about you may be disclosed and used and how the client may get attack to this information. This document must have a compliance date on it and includes information pertaining to discourse, health care operations, payment and other disclosures and uses without the clients consent. (Association, Meeting HIPAA Requirements, scorecard of Privacy Practices and Client Rights Document, 2014)Responsibility to Warn and ProtectDuty to unassailable and protect refers to the responsibility of the therapist or counselor to breach confidentiality if a client or other identifiable person or persons are in clear at hand(predicate) danger. When duty to warn and protect come int o play there must be clear picture of imminent danger to the client or other persons, then the therapist/counselor must determine the seriousness of the threat and then must publish the person in danger and other persons in a position to protect that person from harm.The best possible example is the Tarasoff Act, which imposed inwrought duty on therapist/counselors to warn potential victims of intended harm by a client, stating confidentiality ends where danger begins. The implications of the Tarasoff Act indicate that only notifying the police force is not sufficient action to protect the therapist/counselor from a lawsuit if the client threatens to carry the threat out. (University, 2014) Client Record-Keeping/the counselor from liabilityA clients right to a professional tired of careDocumentation in a clients record serves many purposes including clinical/ administrative accountability, and documentation of the counselors security measure of the clients rights. This document ation also provides protection for counselors in helping them refute any and all allegations of incompetence or misconduct by the counselor. A counselors responsibility to protect the clients rights is normally documented in a series of forms sign(a) by the client to include informed/parental consent, fee agreements, treatment forms, treatment plans, signed client rights statement and treatment team staffing notes, and release of information protecting the clients privacy with specific parameters. Finally, documentation in a clients record can be used to protect and defend the therapist/counselor from unwarranted allegations of misconduct.A client record containing a thorough assessment, treatment plan, progress notes agreeable with the plan, supervisory notes, billing for services rendered, and documented clients rights represent sound evidence of the counselors efforts to practice within their professional scope and standard of care. (University, 2014) In conclusion, the ethical responsibilities of a counselor are both patient of and complex. This paper describes and discusses many of the aspect that are at the forefront of client/counselor relationship and protection of rights for both counselor and client. The knowledge required to become an ethical counselor comes with time and practice along with consulting colleges and primary supervision.BibliographyAssociation, A. C. (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION. Association, A. C. (2014). Meeting HIPAA Requirements, Notice of Privacy Practices and Client Rights Document. Alexandria Author. COUNSELORS, N. B. (2012, June 8). NATIONAL BOARD FOR CERTIFIED COUNSELORS (NBCC). Retrieved from nbcc.org http//www.nbcc.org/Assets/Ethics/NBCCCodeofEthics.pdf Davis, H. F.-M. (1996). Moral Principles. A Practitioners Guide to Ethical Decision Making, 2. Gerald Corey, C. C. (2104). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (9 ed.). (K. Mikel, Ed.) Stamford, CT, USA Cengage Learni ng. Retrieved November 18, 2014 Kitchner, K. S. (1984). Intuition, critical evaluation and ethical principles The foundation for ethical decisions in counseling psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 12(3), 43-55. Retrieved November 19, 2014, fromhttp//www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/practitioners_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=2 NAADAC. (2013). The Association for Addiction Professionals. Retrieved from NAADAC.org http//www.naadac.org/code-of-ethicsi Ryan, R. M. (2011). Motivation and Autonomy in Counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 193-260. University, G. C. (2014, November 18). Lecture 4. Retrieved from gcu.edu https//lc-grad2.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/ exploiter/users.html?operation=loggedIn/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?viewPage=current&operation=innerPagetTopicname=Client Rights, Counselor Responsibilities, and Confidentiality&topicMaterialId=71 WAGAMAN, A. (2013, July 25). Americans grow increasingly intolerant of extramarital affairs. Star Tribune. Retrieved from startribune.c om http//www.startribune.com/lifestyle/relationship/216813271.html

Piracy

Piracy and procure Infringement argon major trim d induces that have demonstrable through the drill of the Internet and file transfer servers. Developments and advances in these beas all over past two decades have my generation within a fawn click of their destination. However, these opened doors have been overrun with a braggart(a) deepen of pirated material. The present publicize involves the nations excessive illegal downloading of unlicensed reapings.The trend of previous(prenominal) litigations involving piracy and procure cases in federal courts has command against the consumer, and has involved the rewrite of m some(prenominal) laws, yet it becomes harder to pin appoint copyright violators as decryption emanation mimics closely the timeline of security encryption. I feel that it is imperative for all package products to receive a restrictive license tag, enabling software companies and harmony workmans to maintain a documentation and economic interests. I d isagree with the piddle/process in which these files are distributed, allowing for piracy of files, rerecording and redistribution.The use of procures began in the proto(prenominal) 19th century, and would ultimately lead to the current system of licensing and copyright of products that move be re realised. These initial patents were intended to allow artists to bemuse a living and survive off their pieces of artwork. The year 1880 marked an important year for the patent in the case Diamond versus Chark Barty who were disputing the patent of a single-cell bacterium apply in breaking down crude oil. The Supreme Court ruled that patents could be granted for this purpose.The main purpose of a patent is to get on and encourage investors in society to make impertinent ways to advocate society and economy and provide the inventor with royalties. Patenting is a system that involves product branding or other signs of proprietorship to provide the humans with dependability in new forms of intellectual property, while still protecting the owner/ inventor. Copyrights give authors complete ownership and rights to their creations during extended period of time, and in nearly cases fall the under the rights of a solo beneficiary. Today the act of overlap files promotes global exchange amongst users.This global networking between countries provides business solutions that non only reduces prices on sales and purchases, but also allows large companies to make more accurate marketing decisions with documented transactions. For the home user programs alike Kazaa and Limewire, implement these large peer to peer networks that are hosted on file transfer protocol servers, and share files. In bankrupting cases where medical specialty files and software are macrocosm illegally copied, there are always disagreements on what exactly is protect and what is an genuine work.For example, the website Priceline. com has attempted to make patents on their ideas that woul d seem to be normal belief and not unique, such as efforting to patent an vendue site with auctions that have reserve prices. Therefore, one of the more precedent matters is the issue regarding what exactly is intellectual property, and how does harmony fall under that military position of copyright. able property crowd out be defined as whatever creation of human intelligence that is new, unique, and has market value. Copyright places limits on use of speech, print, and performance.This idea of intellectual property is not common knowledge to virtually passel who compile large networks. It is evident that not all good deal realize the implications of stealing files and copying music. more defend piracy as a form of promotion of software, which would have otherwise been ignored by legitimate consumers that never buy certain software in the first gear place. Most software copies are shared because their users dont cerebrate of lending software or lending music as a cri me, or at least not one taken seriously. Of tend the elimination of digital songs/sources would not hold up.On a business take aim online trade, exchange, and purchase lowers transaction costs significantly, and for the music business actually makes up a big part of their remaining buyers. One of the main differences between piracy of music and software is the fact that newly available engineering science today is more advanced and friendly to forms of copying, which allow top woodland music between for each one copy and user. In the past, qualities of copied cassettes were not as good or of equal quality and didnt involve the Internet, whereas online and digitized songs are more readily available and easier to simply copy, and then e-mail to a friend. Copying music from a CD to a cassette or to your calculating machine is legal and accepted only because you own the original copy of the CD and the music files are not being used for commercial purposes. The first attempt by a p erson who uploaded an album of songs online was not at first a major problem as it was easier to trace/ descend the source since early networks were primitive and did not involve as numerous users. In 1999, a 19-year-old, Shawn Fanning, invented a program called Napster, which users could download and exchange musical theater recordings for free over the Internet.This program was considered a gateway to loss political science control and launched multiple similar uncontrolled networks. There have been galore(postnominal) steps taken in response to Internet piracy, however, it seems as though most have been lackluster and are not sufficient to produce visible and significant results. The music industry has turned to making data formatting music files that can only be copied or reproduced in certain prescribed circumstances like . m4p. This defensive technology sometimes takes outside from a users number of legitimate uses and transfers, however it seems to be on the road to improvi ng safe transfers.Unfortunately, with each announcement of new protective software, a counter program almost instantly is created, matched, and back up through counter hacking technology that makes files available to these large copying networks. whatsoever person with knowledgeable code in ready reckoners is capable of decoding these files. This entrust to liberate files by many an(prenominal) hackers is only a sign to study that the industry should be developing ways to work with the technology and not against it. The Recording Industry Association of America recently filed lawsuits against four college students, rail ftp servers on campus networks.A federal judge in California colonised the case quickly, and despite the fact that the students never actually accepted responsibility, they settled to pay $12,000 to $17,500 in fines. A case that ended without a all the way defined verdict proves that it is difficult to have a true whipping boy for responsibility of piracy v iolations and copyright infringement. The internet is like one great copying machine, says David Nimmer, a lawyer who spends most of his time with disputes in Intellectual property. formerly on the internet, copying becomes effortless, costless, widespread, and immediate. Nimmer is an experienced lawyer who is well mindful of the easy access to the copied files and has trouble himself challenging illegality in certain situations. Copyright law does not make a distinction between public use and private use, such as buying a record book from a store like Borders, versus borrowing it from a library and copying. to a greater extent recently the United States congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which updated copyright laws to include these widespread international servers and allow the set up of a system to control the Internet. Unfortunately, only 22 countries are on oard for the confirmation process and make it increasingly difficult for any visible change. Many countries consider these laws would impede on the freedom of the Internet in its original creation, if forced under a universal control involving the U. S. However, at this point copyright-based industries generate more revenues internationally than any other U. S. industry, more than the aircraft, agriculture, and motorcar industries. Without global support, a server can be created in any country to house large FTP sites, like Kazaa which is has a large base in Singapore.For an artist, the main purpose of a copyright is to protect. A volume of artists feel that the free song-sharing epidemic is affecting their careers and profits as artists. Many artists and songwriters who write original music and have only the music to directly profit from. Downloading off these sites affects them negatively specifically songwriters, record labels, producers, managers, and any others involved in production of music, who cannot rely on performance profits. Artists can sell and profit off merchan dise, whereas songwriters lack that ability.Generally the belief is that the pirating music unaccompanied affects the artists, when in reality it affects the industry as a whole, including all the wad who have jobs connected to these artists. The process in which a record society gains complete control of a band has shortened the length of an artists career, again ultimately hurting economy. Music industry should try and not dishearten online music consumers that promote artists, but rather develop new ways to work with the evolving technology.Software companies make money through businesses, because kinda of copying a CD, a business must register each computer or client separately so that each has its own separate license. It is suggested that despite counter acting efforts, 90% of all computer software is counterfeit similar to most music. There are many solutions to existing problems involving copyright infringement and illegal piracy of music. Despite these problems I do not support the copyright laws full intention and I feel that there is a need for reform of distribution.Interesting enough, it is assumed that the issue is clear and obvious to all people who steal music. While the music industry does see music sharing as piracy, the youth majority does not see this topic on quite the same somber and white level. The record companys actual costs are low, and yet a CDs cost to a consumer is not. The reasoning of the average teenager is that why would they want to spend $20 on a CD with one good song on it, $ two hundred dollars on software that they must have for academic requirement, when they can upload it for free.Lack of communication in a time where everyone is connected seems like a waste and stunt to new advancing technology. Piracy is not right, and a corrective measure can only come from recognizing that the problem originates from not recognizing more than just the new ease of file transfer. Piracy is of credit line a wide addressing issue , including a rapidly increasing amount of people from a conglomeration of age groups. There needs to be a redistribution of wealth within in the music industry and software industries. Once issues like these are addressed, a solution can be found.

You’re Not Special

Son of famed historian and Puller intrude winner David McCullough, side instructor David McCullough, Jar. Delivered one of the most controversial and unforgettable high-school commencement speeches on June 7, 2012. Addressing over 400 capped and gowned graduating students, family, and friends at Wellesley High School, McCullough humorous Introduction set the attention-garnering al-Qaeda for his main logical argument to inspire his interview-?and this generation-?to be exceptional and lead extraordinary lives (McCullough,Jar. ). perchance the most invalidation piece of McCullough presentation is his simple and challenging pro side of meat Youre not special. A direct response to the exigency that everyone Is uniquely gifted, the phrase was Immediately hellish by mixer media and generated a maelstrom of conflicting responses. But quite a than analyze this comment as a self-evident rhetorical entity, it is kinda important to review McCullough message In context. McCullough off springively frames ethical, logical, and pathetic appeals with be commonplaces and a compute delivery to come on his positive precept for the coming(prenominal) generation.Situated ethos primes McCullough earshot and lends credibility to his argument before he even utters a word. A retros ability to persuade, in fact, Is directly linked to their reputation conceptualise moral Judgments affect the perceived validity of the messenger (Crowley and Heehaw, 148). Thus, McCullough prestigious social standing-?devoted teacher, advocate of civic engagement, and son of a prolific academic-?commands rate and receptiveness.For example, McCullough authority as a scholar is reinforced by his abduce to ancient philosophers and prominent literary figures Youve learned, o, I hope, as Sophocles assured us, that experience Is the chief element of happiness. By virtue of his extrinsic virtuosity, the audience perceives McCullough as reputable, a veritable expert in the field. This sh atomic number 18d rhetorical lens, or commonplace, consequently establishes a positive Interpersonal dimension between McCullough and his audience and promotes attentive listening.An audience engaged with the rhetoric moreover shifts individuals attitudes from indifference to credenza or rejection, two states conducive to persuasion (163). Additionally, McCullough later assertions to carper the heck push through of the diem and resist the easy comforts of complacency are bolstered by his social eminence. Ultimately, an model(prenominal) rhetoric is more efficacious at telling his audience to be exemplary McCullough message is transformed through situated ethos.Just as McCullough rhetorical proposition is strengthened through ethos, so too Is the effectiveness of his dialectic conclusion reliant upon all aspects of logical appeal. McCullough first lays an Inductive foundation on which to build his deductive argument that Youre not special. This inundation, in fact, is increase both in potency and applicability by McCullough detailed run of irrefutable instances and cognizance of contentious reasoning. Many of McCullough particulars demand belief without further elaboration they are what Aristotle deemed J scientific demonstrations (119).Indeed, McCullough statistical evidence not only serves as incontrovertible proof, 1 OFF encompassing So think about this even if youre one in a million, on a planet of 6. 8 billion that means in that respect are nearly 7,000 Just alike(p) you. McCullough facts in addition carry eight because he utilizes outside expertise to corroborate his claims In fact, astrophysicists assure us the domain has no center therefore, you cannot be it. Furthermore, McCullough exposes the false pretenses on which many audience members claim academic superiority and distinction And I hope you caught me when I said one of the best. But the phrase defies logic. By definition there can be only one best. Youre it or youre not. Interestingly, Mc Cullough further demonstrates the deceitful nature of this reasoning by noting that the venue-?the Wellesley High football stadium-?is a literal error level playing field. Having not only piled on particulars (124) but also shown the illogic of opposing claims, McCullough conclusion-?that no one is special-?readily follows. His subsequent deduction, well dependent on the strength of his inductive reasoning, is thus nearly inescapable.It goes as follows No one is special you are someone you are not special. This syllogism authenticly hearkens to the literal meaning of anthem, cutting right to the heart of the number (125). McCullough recognizes that an individuals response to a proposition is dependent on preexisting commonplaces which integrate into larger ideologies. For this reason, his logical appeal challenges the normally unarticulated but widely held belief that everyone has talents which differentiate them from new(prenominal)s.By objectively attacking a near univers al commonplace, McCullough makes his message relevant to his entire audience and indisputable. McCullough, in turn, concludes his speech with a collection of dialectical dictums Develop and protect a moral sensitivity and demonstrate the character to apply it. Dream big. Work hard. Think for yourself. These final developments are McCullough true proposition to the Wellesley High School graduates of 2012. Though improvable, the rhetorical impact and acceptance of such moral adages relies upon the perceived wisdom (119) of the rhetoric.Thus, McCullough induce message-?his dialectical claims-?are substantiated by his logically sound reasoning, resulting in a message that fully resonates with the audience. McCullough also furthers his proposition by altering the activated state of his audience and challenging commonplaces with pathos. Speeches are neither given nor get in a vacuum McCullough audience, showered with accolades, brings with them preexisting states of self-absorption and entitlement.As such, a powerful replace in ruttish intensity is required to induce openness and receptivity. McCullough personal effects this change through pejorative language and indirect confrontation of warm commonplaces. His diction-?including words like pamper, cosset, dote, and bubble-wrap-?is colorful and conveys disparaging, valued judgments (186). Similarly, his degradation of commonplace symbols like trophies ND awards contests the ideological underpinning that such achievements have intrinsic value If everyone gets a trophy, trophies become meaningless.We have of late, we Americans, to our detriment, come to love accolades more than genuine achievement. Perhaps most inciting is McCullough cynical description of childhood, being doted upon and called sweetie pie. The net effect is an emotional globalization of the audience which polarize beliefs and generates a genuine, hierarchy affects emotional responses-?individuals are less indignant at those of rater commun al standing (176)-?McCullough position allows to him to temper his message and strike an optimal balance between boredom and excessive C Enrage (185). In this way, McCullough increases audience enforceability and the impact of his other rhetorical claims. Just as important as his rhetorical appeals is McCullough delivery, which confers volubility on a seemingly scathing commentary. In right, however, McCullough body language, tone, and meter highlight some weaknesses as an orator. It was evident that he read from a manuscript, and he made no use of deliberate pauses to highlight certain concepts. As such, some of McCullough more grandiose ideas and imagery were not make justice.Nonetheless, McCullough mastery of one stylistic piece of ammunition is apparent calculated perception and humor. His tasteful use of levity is effective because it appeals to all sectors of his audience see to it his references to baseball, marriage, Barney, M)LO, and the universal distaste for Donald Trumps hair, which is C quite a phenomenon. McCullough humorous, multidimensional allure-?a emission unrepresented in multimedia portrayal-?makes the tenets of his oration memorable and adds a much(prenominal) needed human element.Through situated ethos, logos, pathos, ubiquitous commonplaces, and a cogent delivery, English instructor David McCullough, Jar. Effectively conveys a timeless and fundamental doctrine to his audience to lead The fulfilling life, the distinctive life, the relevant life. And though a superficial schema of uniform Not Special is a caustic condemnation of the forthcoming generation, a genuine examination reveals a much deeper, uplifting truth life is not meant to be accomplished, but experienced.

Endometritis

Postpartum Endometritis Evidence base Paper March 13, 2012 Endometritis is the inflammation or irritation of the uterus, which is a common post partum complication that occurs in much than 15% of every(prenominal) pregnancies and is currently the leading ca discolor plague of maternal mortality (Scott & adenosine monophosphate Hasik, 2001). When metritis is not related to pregnancy, it is referred to as pelvic inflammatory disease (pelvic inflammatory disease).The Centers for illness Control and legal profession (CDC) 2010 sexually transmitted diseases actment guideline defines PID as some(prenominal) combination of metritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. From a pathologic perspective, metritis weed be classified as acute versus chronic. Acute metritis is distinguished by the presence of neutrophils inwardly the endometrial glands. Chronic metritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells and lymphocytes within the endometrial stro ma.Chronic endometritis in the postnatal or post abortion forbearing is ordinarily associated with retained products of conception later address or abortion. In the nonobstetric population, chronic endometritis has been associated with transmission systems much(prenominal) as chlamydia, tuberculosis, bacteriuml vaginosis, and the presence of intrauterine devices (Rivlin, 2011). Early-onset postnatal endometritis occurs within two days of obstetrical auction pitch, and the late-onset of the disease can occur up to six weeks postpartum.This fix will usually start as a local contagious disease at the placental attachment site and if left field untreated, can spread to the entire uterine endometrium (French & vitamin A Smaill, 2004). There atomic number 18 numerous put on the lines associated with this condition, and diagnosis relies heavily on the clinical judgment of the practiti wholenessr. The pollution of the uterine cavity with vaginal organisms during labor and delivery pay offs the disease. Both bacterial and viral contagions may initiate endometritis and many of the agents that cause the transmission system argon naturally present in the vagina.This condition arises comm completely subsequently delivery because delivery results in tears, rips or incisions in the vagina, cervix or uterus that al impression these agents to enter the uterine lining. The infection can pass several species of motivating agents that can be aerobic or anaerobiotic flora (French & angstrom Smaill, 2004). The method of delivery will determine which causative agents prognosticate the possibility of endometritis. For vaginal deliveries, the presence of the organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis or genital cultures positive for aerobic gram-negative organisms can indicate endometritis.In cesarian p atomic number 18ntages, the occurrent of certain bacteria much(prenominal) as group A haemolytic streptococci, staphylococci B, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis in amniotic fluid cultures will coiffe the patient at an change magnitude risk for this infection (French & Smaill, 2004). With the change magnitude number of people opting for natural birth methods, including water births, the danger only multiplies. This is because disinfecting procedures as they be carried out forwards major surgery is usually not practiced in a home environment.Prompt treatment is meaty to prevent the spread of the infection through early(a)wise areas of the body, including the family. Pro tenacio utilise infection can be fatal. The immediate postpartum ut nearly fol small-scaleing birth is a time of increased risk for all women for infection. Microorganisms entering the fruitful tract and migrating into the blood and other parts of the body could result in life baneful septicemia (French & Smaill, 2004). Timely diagnosis and militant treatment is essential to prevent these complications.Complications of endometritis incl ude infertility, extension of infection to involve the peritoneal cavity with peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and septic pelvic thrombophelbitis. Septic pelvic thrombophelbitis is a condition in which blood clog ups in one of the pelvic vessels become infected. If untreated it could progress to septic pulmonary emboli, in which the infected blood clots travel to the lungs and lead to death (French & Smaill, 2004).Septic shock is a life-threatening systemic infection usually caused by bacteria and on rare occasions follows postpartum endometritis. The bacteria that invade the bloodstream let go a substance known as endotoxin, which causes decreased blood pressure, clot formation, major tissue injury, and leakage of fluids. Accordingly, organs may fail because they are not receiving enough blood and nutrients. Fortunately, this condition during pregnancy or in the postpartum period is a rare clinical event (Mazzeffi and Chen, 2010).Major risk factors for obstetric endometri tis include the following Cesarean delivery (especially if before 28 weeks gestation), rupture of membranes lasting more than 24 hours, excessively long labors, severely meconium-stained amniotic fluid, manual placental removal, and extremes of patient age. Other threatening factors afford been identified in supererogatory studies, including no prior cesarean delivery, preterm or postterm gestation, low infant Apgar scores, antepartum infections, preeclampsia, amnioinfusion, postpartum anemia, the presence of immanent monitors, and steroid medications (Olsen, Butler, Willers amp Gilad, 2010).Acute endometritis is typified by the existence of neutrophil cells in the endometrium. Neutrophils are white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials. Characteristic symptoms of endometritis include abdominal distention or swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, febricity (100 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit), usual dis still, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise), and lower abdominal or pelvic imposition (uterine pain). Anemia occurs when a patients red blood cell amount is lower than 4. -6. 0 million red blood cells per little liter of blood. Losing large amounts of blood during delivery or prior to delivery may be a contributing factor for a low red blood count, anemia and potentially endometritis. Red blood counts (RBC) are needed to indicate anemia and the sedimentation range (ESR). The sedimentation rate measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour. It is a common hematology test that is a non-specific measure of inflammation, which is evident in endometritis.The diagnosis of postpartum endometritis is found on the presence of fever in the absence of any other cause. Uterine tenderness, purulent or foul-smelling lochia and leukocytosis are common clinical findings used to support the diagnosis of endometritis. Leukocytosis is a raised white blood c ell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood. The stock definition for puerperal fever used for reporting rates of puerperal morbidity is an viva temperature of 100. 4 degrees centigrade or more on any two of the first ten days postpartum or 101. degrees or blueer during the first 24 hours postpartum (French amp Smaill, 2004). Additionally, when the above symptoms occur, uranalysis and urine culture may be done. However, endometrial cultures are rarely indicated because specimens collected through the cervix are usually contaminated by vaginal and cervical flora. A sterile technique with a speculum is used to avoid vaginal contamination, and the sample is sent for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. If fever persists for 48 hours (Some clinicians use a 72-hour cutoff) later endometritis is adequately treated, ther causes such as pelvic abscess and pelvic thrombophlebitis should be considered. Abdominal and pelvic imaging, usually done by CT, is sensitive for abscess but detects pelvic thrombophlebitis only if the clots are large. If the results of the imaging are negative, a trial of heparin is typically begun to treat presumed pelvic thrombophlebitis as a diagnosis of exclusion (Moldenhauer, 2008). Before the approach of the antibiotic era, puerperal fever was an important cause of maternal death.With the use of antibiotics, a sharp decrease in maternal acute postpartum infections has been observed, and it is now accepted that antibiotic treatment for postpartum endometritis is warranted. endovenous broad-spectrum therapy (cephalsporins, penicillins, or clindamycin and genatmicin) is appropriate for the treatment of endometritis. Regimens with activity against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria are better than those without. There is no evidence that any one viands is associated with fewer side effects.Once uncomplicated, endometritis has clinically modify with intravenous therapy, and oral therapy is not needed (French, 2003) . Furthermore, it is essential that the patient receive demonstrative of(predicate) economic aid including hydration, rest and pain relief. antibiotic drugs should be discontinued 24 hours after the patient is asymptomatic. Assessments should be taken of the lochia, vital signs, and changes in the womens condition continue during treatment (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). Treatment is usually considered successful after the woman is afebrile for 24 to 48 hours.If the initial antibiotic regimen does not result in resolution of fever and other symptoms within three days, the antibiotic regimen is usually changed. Consideration is also addicted to the possibility that the woman may have complications requiring specific treatment. The most efficient treatment and least expensive treatment of postpartum infection is prevention. hinderance measures include good prenatal nutrition to reign over anemia and intrapartal hemorrhage. ripe(p) maternal perineal hygiene with thro ugh hand hygiene is emphasized.Strict affection to aseptic techniques by all health misgiving masters during childbirth and the postpartum period is very important (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). Endometritis is usually caused, in the postpartum scenario, because of a deficient care taken to avoid streptococcus and staph infections in the delivery area. These two bacteria are present on every inch of our skin, and considering that delivery is the one time when the mothers insides are most exposed, precautionary measures to maintain a sterile environment in the delivery or birthing room should be taken.The benefit of antibiotic therapy for laboring women has been unquestionably established. Intravaginal metronidazole as surgical preparation and oral methylergometrine after delivery are two interventions that show promise as additional prophylactic interventions (French, 2003). Having a baby by Caesarean section is proper increasingly common, despite the higher risks a ssociated with the surgery compared to a vaginal birth. bingle important concern is the risk of infection, which is between five and 20 measure greater for women who undergo scheduled or emergency Caesarean section.According to the Cochrane Review, the angiotensin converting enzyme most important risk factor for postpartum maternal infection is Caesarean section. The surveil further cited that antibiotics to women undergoing Caesarean section reduced the relative incidence of fever by 45 percent, wound infection by 39 percent, inflammation of the uterine lining by 38 percent and heartrending infectious complications for the mother by 31 percent (Nelson, 2010). This approach can significantly lower the risk of endometritis, particularly in women having surgery after extended labor and ruptured membranes.To prevent future infection, most doctors prescribe Cefazolin, which is covered intravenously immediately after the babys umbilical cord is clamped. If you are at high risk, a second dose may be given eightsome hours later (French amp Smaill, 2004). The overall goal for the postpartum client with endometritis is, The patient will be acquit from infection. Nursing management and general interventions of the patient would include the collection of vaginal and blood cultures, education on handy hygiene, the administration IV antibiotics and analgesics as prescribed.Non-pharmacological interventions include distraction, imagery, relaxation, and application of calorifacient and cold. Non-pharmacological interventions can restore the clients sense of self-control, personal efficacy, and mobile participation in her care. It is essential that the teaching and method of delivery of information be tailored to the specific client and family (French amp Smaill, 2004). Secondary to free from infection, an accurate nursing care plan for a postpartum patient with an with endometritis would include 1.The patient will follow a specific, in return agreed upon, heal thcare maintenance plan. (The nurse should assume that first-time mothers lack adapted knowledge regarding condition and treatment diagnosis, and therefore, needs education and specific book of instructions during the postpartum recovery period). If a mother has given birth to more than one child a review of proper heath care regimens is also justifiable. The new mother should receive instruction pertaining to hygienic care for her perineal area. This care would include changing her perineal pad a great deal and washing her hands afterwards.The presence of a wet pad against sutures is an beautiful medium for the development of an infection that could potentially spread to the uterus. The use tampons should be prohibited for six weeks after delivery, since tampon use can cause infection or even toxic shock syndrome. It is the nurses responsibility to promote adequate rest and encourage a bighearted intake of nutrients and fluids. The patient will report that pain management regi mens achieves comfort run short goal without adverse effects (Ackley amp Ladwig, 2011).The nurse should administer comfort measures to ease pain and teach the patient proper reasonableness of the condition as well as taking measures to correct the complications of endometritis (Perry, Hockenberry amp Lowdermilk, 2010). 2. The patient will maintain oral temperature within accommodative levels (less than 100. 4 degrees). Evaluate the womans temperature at the end of the first hour postpartum and then every four hours for the first 22 hours postpartum. Clients with endometritis typically have a fever, chills, general malaise, and may exhibit tachycardia.Oral temperature meter provides a more accurate temperature than tympanic measurement, auxiliary, or use of a chemic dot thermometer. Use the same site and method device for temperature measurement for a given client so that temperature trends are assessed accurately (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). 3. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). The importance of prompt reporting of unrelieved pain is the patients responsibility.An important step toward improved control of pain is a better client understanding of the genius of pain, its treatment, and the role the client needs to play in pain control (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). Despite the normalcy of childbirth, complications may arise that will have detrimental effects on the postpartum client. These include postpartum hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, and infections such as endometritis. Healthcare providers working with postpartum clients must have a clear understanding of these complications, including the symptoms, nursing interventions, and treatment.A cognizant nurse would carefully review the results of laboratory tests for signs of anemia, infection, and electrolyte imbalance. Blood cultures to identify the causative agents of potential infections are typically done , and white blood cell (WBC) counts are monitored. However, it is important to remember that the white blood cell count is normally elevated after delivery for a short period continued monitoring of the WBC count is required in identifying endometritis (French, L. , & Smaill, F. M, 2004).Nearly 90% of women treated with an okay regimen note improvement in 48-72 hours. Delay in mental institution of antibiotic therapy can result in systemic toxicity. Endometritis is associated with increased maternal mortality due to septic shock. However, mortality is rare in the United States because of aggressive antimicrobial management. Most cases of endometritis, including those following cesarean delivery, should be treated in an inpatient setting. For mild cases following vaginal delivery, oral antibiotics in an outpatient setting may be adequate (French, L. & Smaill, F. M, 2004). References Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook An evidence-based guide to planning care. (9th ed. , pp. 47,426-429,446-449,600-604). St. Louis, Missouri Mosby Elsevier. French, L. (2003). Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis. Current Womens Health Reports, 3(4), 274-279. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12844449 French, L. , & Smaill, F. M. (2004). Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Retrieved from http//www. rw. interscience. wiley. com/Cochrane/clsysrev /articles/CD001067/frame. html Mazzeffi, M. A. (2010). Severe postpartum sepsis with extend myocardial dysfunction A case report by michael a. mazzeffi and katherine t. chen. journal of Medical Case Reports, (4), 318. Retrieved from http//www. jmedicalcasereports. com/content/4/1/318 Moldenhauer, J. S. (2008, November). Puerperal endometritis. Retrieved from http//www. merckmanuals. com/professional/gynecology_and_obstetrics/postpartum_care_and_associated_disorders/puerperal_endometritis. tml Nelson, C. B. (2010, January 22). Routine antibiotic use reduces mothers infection risk from c- section. Health port News Service. Retrieved from http//www. physorg. com/news183387263. html Olsen, M. A. , Butler, A. M. , Willers, D. M. , & Gilad, A. G. (2010). Risk factors for endometritis after low transverse cesarean delivery. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 31(1), 69-77. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org. proxy. li. suu. edu2048/stable/10. 1086/649018 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. & Lowdermilk, D. L. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4th ed. , pp. 586-587). Maryland Heights, MO Mosby. Pillitteri, A. (1999) Maternal & Child Health Nursing, (3rd ed. pp. 789-792). Philadelphia PA Lippincott. Rivlin, M. E. (2011, June 14) Endometritis. Retrieved from http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/254169-overview Scott, L. D. , & Hasik, K. J. (2001). The similarities and differences of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, &am p Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 332-41.

Learning English as Second Language Essay

Learning a Second Language (L2) is a long process and it is often a ch anyenging experience for L2 engageers. face has require the L2 after it was introduced to Malaysia during colonization. Presently, it is an international expression and is habituated as the give voice in international relations, and in exchanging sleep withledge and technology. It was b arely since a few decades past that it was taught to almost all schoolchildren. In general, local Malaysian scholarly persons have been open to eleven geezerhood of eruditeness side of meat language skills (listening, converseing, reading and composition) in primary and hourary schools. Current era, good incline writing competency is widely recognized as an crucial skill for readingal, business and personal reasons. The ability to write potently in English is becoming increasingly grand in our global community as communi projection cross dashs language poses ever to a greater extent(prenominal) essential . On the other hand, writing is a involved process which demands cognitive analysis and linguistic synthesis.It is even harder to learn to write in a second language, and it takes considercapable time and causal agent to become a skillful writer. The read study seeks to explore ESL learners major(ip) writing difficulties by analyzing the nature and distribution of their writing delusions. There argon several ways of designateing ab by shifts in writing. For sheath, in unfounded of what we, as linguists, get laid about second language acquisition and what we know about how texts, context and the writing process interact with matchless round other learners writing in L2 generally contains varying degrees of grammatical and rhetorical errors. These kinds of errors atomic number 18 especially common among L2 writers who do not have enough language skills to express what they want to say in a comprehensible way. The exhibit study analyses the English L2 language errors in the writing of Malaysian learners. direction of ProblemEnglish occupies the status of a L2 in the Malaysian education system in both primary and secondary schools. However, larn English as a L2 is not an easy task. accord to Brown (2000), in order to master the English language, learners have to be adequately undefend to all of the four radical skills, namely listening, oratory, reading and writing. Language training in this country is currently focusing on the teaching and acquire of the four language skills. However, the standard of English, among Malaysian children is on the decline scorn learning English for several years. Malaysian scholars argon still light-headed in English, especially in their writing skills. They still seem to buck errors in all aspects of language.According to James (1988) errors in writing such(prenominal) as tenses, prepositions and weak vocabulary be the most common and support type of errors that be committed by learners. Since grammar i s seen just now as a centre to an end, virtually learners tend to re-emphasize its impressiveness and in the process, they kick in many more errors. The learners usually face difficulties in learning the grammatical aspects of the Target Language (TL), such as in matter-verb agreement, the procedure of preposition, articles and the utilisation of correct tense. Such errors so-and-so be seen clearly in the learners write performance. The problems that the students atomic number 18 bound to encounter would be weak vocabulary, in tolerate use of grammar in decrys and etc. Thus, instructors who locoweed analyze and treat errors magnetic coreively be break off equipped to help their students become more aw are of their errors.The use of phantasm Analysis (EA) and appropriate corrective techniques drive out aid effective learning and teaching of English. It is understood that learning a second language is a gradual process, during which mistakes are to be expected in al l stages of learning. Mistakes allow not disappear simply because they have been pointed out to the learner, opposition to what some language learners and teachers believe. In fact making mistakes is a infixed process of learning and must be considered as part of cognition. As a result, errors must be viewed positively. Therefore, EA is the best tool for describing and explaining errors made by speakers of other languages. By investigating students pen work, it leave provide a means to help Malaysian teachers to recognize the importance of errors as unity of the challenging areas in teaching English.Objective of body of workThis lends to the objective of the study, which is to investigate the types of errors made by ground level Four student in their written work. The study sought to answer the following research question * What are the most common errors that students make in their stresss?MethodologyLocationThe pickle of the study was a secondary school in a lodgement area in Shah Alam town which is located within the district of Petaling and a portion of the district of Klang in the state of Selangor which is about 25 kilometres western United States of the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. The name of the school is SMK TTDI Jaya, Shah Alam. The school runs in dickens teaching sessions, namely the morning and afternoon session. Table 1 dispersal of Form 4 Students and Ethnic BackgroundParticipantA Form four female students have participated in this study. She had her primary education in National schools, in which Malay was the medium of instruction. English was taught as an excess subject within the school curriculum. The respondent is from Form 4 Gigih comprising of 30 sons and 42 girls. The students language progress is lower intermediate. According to the participants English language the class that the participant currently studying focuses more on Malay language learning and the students tend to neglect the importance of English language Background of the StudentThe name of the student is Nurul Nadeah binti Zulkifli. She is 16 years old. She is staying at Seksyen 15, Shah Alam. Her father works as an engineer and her stimulate is a house maker. She is the eldest daughter with a younger brother. Her maiden language is Malay language. She has learnt English for 10 years. She has scored a C lofty for her UPSR public examination and a D grade for her PMR public examination. On the other hand, she is more practised in her first language (Malay language) compared to English language. She has scored an A for her both public exams (UPSR & PMR) which marks her enthusiasm in learning her first language. According to Nurul, she prefers to speak and write in her mother spit since she is comfortable with it. Thus, she views English language subject as an entry want for her to enter university. Despite, she added that she has not been encouraged to use English language all her parents or among friends since childhood.Proce dureThe participant was administered a writing assignment that composite essay writing. She was required to write a cause and effect essay entitled The Causes and Effects of River Pollution within a period of 60 minutes and a minimum of 200-350 ledgers. This essay follows the English format of SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) interrogative in which every student will have to take when they are in Form Five. It is a guided writing whereby the student was accustomed a brief outline on the essay that accepts the main causes and personal effects which the student need to explain in detail. The essay was typed using Microsoft excogitate 2003 so that it was computer readable. After that, the three steps of EA specified by Corder (1974) were followed* Collection of sample errors* Identification of errors* Description of errorsInstrumentsThe instruments that we employ to analyze the errors in the essays are as follows* The students essay* Grammar book references* Consulting to an expe rienced school teacher * Well experienced in English language teaching for 23 years and excessively SPM English paper marker for 2 years consecutively. * Interviewing a lecturer from MSU Centre For Foundation Studies (CFS) department* Group discussion.* mesh sourcesA total of 62 common errors were examine and categorized into 12 error types. Errors related with lexical knowledge (spelling, split of speech, capitalization) accounted for 32.3%. Errors related with judgment of conviction expression ( heterogeneous/ manifold, missing record, word order and redundancy) accounted for 30.6%. Other grammatical errors (verb tense, passive voice, modal auxiliary verb auxiliary verbs and phrasal modals,article, subject-verb agreement) accounted for 37.1%.Based on the table, it reflects that the students have committed most number of errors in the parts of speech which includes noun, verb, participle, interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb, and meeting of minds. The second most num ber of errors is registered under redundancy which means the occurrence of unwanted repetition in the written essay.Table 3 Most Common Errors and Examples of ErrorsDefinition andError classification Identification of errors Correct disapprobations and write up of ruler 1. Basic Phrase Structure * A doom is form through the combination of Noun Phrase(NP) and Verb Phrase(VP) convict101 The industry is releasing chemical substance wasteland products from industrial waste. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide , coat, hog and mercury.Sentence 112. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide, zinc, copper and mercury. The chemical products that released is dangerous 1. The industry releases chemical wastes such as cyanide , zinc , copper, and mercuryExplanation overcome The industry Verb releasesPredicate chemical waste products such as cyanide, zinc , lam , copper, and mercury. * The industry is releasing chemical waste products from industrial waste. This four th dimension is incomplete.2. These chemical waste is dangerousExplanationLiquid or substances funda affableally known as uncountable noun which refers to general stimulus generalization but countable noun refer to specific intimacys.These refer something specific (SUBJECT ) is verbDangerous consider verb 2. Passive Sentences * The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb Sentence 11. Water is the important elements that needed by the human to live. Sentence 282. The hunt down rate of the clear piss from the river will be disturbed. This is because, the body of pissing supply superior is more spoiled and flow to the river will be polluted and poignant the living things. Water is the important element that human need for livingExplanation The word need in this sentence should be the subject.2. This is because, the quality of urine is spoiledExplanation The phrase irrigate quality is unclear and incomplete. 3. Complex/Compound * A complex sentence combines a reliant clause with an in bloodsucking clause. * A compound sentence is made up of cardinal independent clauses spousal relationshiped by a coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so and a comma or by a semicolon alone. Sentence 41. If, thither is no water, living things supportnot survive.Sentence 52. In, todays world, river taint is occurring so seriously. 1. If there is no water, living things cannot surviveExplanation Difficulty in identifying dependent clause- complex sentence2.Todays world, river defilement occurs very seriously.ExplanationWrong compound phrase. 4. Subject/Verb Agreement * If a subject is left(p), its verb must likewise be singular * If a subject is plural form form form, its verb must as well as be plural.5. Modals and phrasal Modals * Modals are special words in English and are use for specific purposes. They are NOT verbs. * The form is Subject + Modal + Verb Sentence 131. The second cause for river contamin ant are from market-gardening activities. The agriculture activities is revileing the quality of the water. Sentence 161. The agriculture activities is one of the economic activitiesSentence 212. The flow of water will be disturbed and the quality of water will be striked. 1. The second cause for river contamination is from the uncouth activities. * The agrarian activities harms the quality of the water. * The agricultural activities harm the quality of the water.Explanation * The sentence grammatical construction is upon in terms of singular and plural. * The word activities appearances plural form, so the verb harm should also be plural as well. * But from the aspect of present tense, its wrong because here, plural subjects, no need to adds for the verbs.1. The agricultural activities ought to be one of the economic activities.Explanation shows that a phrasal modal can be added to make the sentence twist stable.2. The flow of the water will be disturbed and the quality o f water would decreaseExplanation Redundancy of the modal is exchanged with another suitable modal. 6. Parts of Speech * Noun * Verb * Participle * insertion * Pronoun * Preposition * Adverb * Conjunction PrepositionSentence 311. The last effect that is stated is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mixed to the river and it will create a dangerous, butchery to the living thingsConjunctionSentence 361. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely flow the river contamination be we can tone down the defilement. 1. The last effect is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mix into the river and it will create havoc to the living things.ExplanationInto is a preposition that answers the question Where?1. So, it is important to take care of the river. However, we cant completely stop the river pollution but we can control it.Explanation The conjunction but should be employ in this sentence since it is apply to signify a negation, to create contrast.DiscussionSentence typesAltogether there are 36 complete sentences. Out of 36 complete sentences, 10 sentences were simpleton sentences, 14 were complex sentences and12 were compound sentences. More than half complex sentences were unnecessary repetition of points. It was also found that most of the sentences were constructed using the distinct article the and the repetition of the word another on starting of the carve up 4 and 6. The unnecessary repetition of the points in the students written essay reflects that the student have a very limited knowledge in the minded(p) topic and has not exposed her to different sequence connectors.Major Error Analysis1. Basic Phrase StructurePhrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given languages syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its dower parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categ ories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of the form , meaning that the region A is separated into the two sub constituents B and C. * The first rule reads An S consists of an NP followed by a VP. This means A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. * The next one A noun phrase consists of a determiner followed by a noun * Further explanations of the constituents S, Det, NP, VP, AP, PP In this study, the student has encounter difficulties in writing a sentence with a correct phrase structure. This happens because she was not corrected by anyone whenever she makes the error.For exemplar, the pick out on a lower floor was taken from the students written essay. Another cause of riv er pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that exploit that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased. The above extract registers that the student has difficulty in constructing a primary phrase structure. According to me, the above withdraw is totally vague since it does not follow the base rules of phrase structure.Mdm Patmabathy, the school teacher that we consulted in our error analysis says that this excerpt is meaningless and she added that this student is very poor in terms of sentence construction. Despite, she also said that it is also a very serious error when she gets to know that it is a written work of a Form 4 student. If I was given a chance to correct the above excerpt, it whitethorn sound like On the other hand, mineral extraction also contributes to river pollution. This is because, the release of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides and herbicides may obstruct the water flow which results in the decrease of the water flow and the water quality may spoil receivable to the organic materials released through the mineral extraction.2. Passive SentencesIn passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally include near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. Thing receiving action + be + past participle of verb + by + thing doing actionExamplesIn the students written essay, there are some prominent wrongly phrased passive sentences. For example, referring to the same excerpt, Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased. The use of the word mined which is not a passive verb which causes the sentence to be meaningless. From this we should know, in order to use passive sentences one should have a basic knowledge on transitive verbs which the meaning can be used in passive sentences.3. Complex/CompoundA compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by * a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) The dog barked, and the cat yowled. * a semicolon The dog barked the cat yowled.* a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a serial publication The dog barked, t he cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed. A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause. An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause * The dog that was in the street howled loudly.* A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger. An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note the various positions of the dependent clause) * End The dog howled although he was well fed.* crusade Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldnt eat his hamburger. * Middle The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly. In the students written essay, there are more complex sentences constructed compared to compound sentences. Thus, it was merely repetition of words that occurs in the most complex sentences. For example, try to look at the below excerpt from the students written essay.There are some effects that caused by those previous activities. The effect of the industrial waste is one of them a re the living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die. From the industrial waste also affecting the drinking water for human. This is because of the quality of water is spoiled and more non-nature.There italicized phrase is an example of complex sentence whereby the dependent clause living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die is an expansion of the independent clause the effect of the industrial waste. Here, the use of complex sentence was not fully utilized since the student has problems in constructing basic phrase structure itself. The student ended up the whole sentence with full of repetition. She should have use a wider vocabulary to explain the point.4. Subject/Verb AgreementA basic principle of English is that a verb must agree in number with its subject. Although this basic principle is very simple, it is often violated because writers have trouble each identifying the subject or the determining its number.Singular rule* A singular subject requires a singular verb.Consider the following examples.* He is joyful.* The boy is happy.* David is happy.Plural Rule* A plural subject requires a plural verb.Consider the following examples.* They are happy.* The boys are happy.* David and Tom are happyThe student has committed much error in this section. She tends to use plural verb for singular subject and singular verb for plural subject. For example, the below excerpt from the students essay reflects the wrong subject/verb agreement. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. This activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.The first sentence reflects the use plural verb for singular subject (river pollution is only one). Then, the fourth sentence registers the u se of singular verb for plural subject (activities refers to many). So, the correct sentence should be The second cause for river pollution is from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities harms the quality of the water. These activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities are not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water since it pollutes the clear water.5. Parts of Speech (Conjunction)* Conjunctions are words which link two clauses in one sentence * Here are some example conjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless * Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example * Jack and Jill went up the hill.* The water was warm, but I didnt go swimming.* Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a m ain clause, for example * I went swimming although it was cold. Referring to the students written work, the students has used very limited conjunctions such as and, so, and for. There was also wrong usage of conjunction which is as follows 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution For the first sentence, the use of the conjunction but is wrong since the sentence is not showing any comparison. The second sentence also applies a wrong conjunction since the word be refers to a verb that indicates future actions. So, the correct sentence should be1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, w e cannot completely stop the river pollution but we can control the pollutionTreatment for the Errors1. Awareness of L1 interferenceSwitching interactively amongst first and second language has been recognized as one of the large characteristics of L2 writing. Woodball (2002) suggested that language switching may be driven by the affable operations of private speech for solving L2 problems with L1 resources and the results of his study suggested that less proficient L2 learners switched to their L1s more frequently than more advanced learners. According to Wangs determination (2003), the low proficient participants often concentrated on direct edition from their L1 into the L2 to perform their L2 writing to compensate for their L2 linguistic deficiencies.Composing their writing tasks in this way might have helped them overcome writing difficulties without exerting much mental effort. Cases of direct translation were also let ond in this study, for example, My nickname is classm ate takes. English name is I elects. Give to fortune teacher to calculate. In addition, students have the tendency to exclude the subject or object and fall in to use certain constructions due to L1 interference. Therefore, teachers can help students become cognizant of interlingual errors by highlighting the structural and lexical differences between Chinese and English in areas when their use is first introduced or reinforced. If interlanguage is likely to occur, accordingly consciousness-raising can help students self-edit their errors when interference occurs2. Writing MotivationGenerally speaking, writing motivation is encouraged through stimulating reading, relation with daily feel experience, and support of relevant vocabulary. Pre-writing activities are crucial for unskilled writers. After selecting an appropriate writing task, some relevant reading passages should be introduced. However, the reading materials should only serve as sources for stimulating ideas and learnin g of relevant vocabulary instead than models to copy. Students have to write on a new but virtually related topic. They still have to generate and refine their own ideas as well as construct their own sentences. Even students of low proficiency level should be given the opportunity to experience writing as a creative act of discovery. The process approach is also relevant to low proficient students provided that thoughtful stimulus and guidance are available.3. cultivation of Basic GrammarGood writing is certainly beyond grammar manipulation. Yet it will be very difficult to compose a clear, logical and tranquil paragraph if a writer is unable to write reasonably unimpeachable simple sentences and does not possess the mastery of some complex sentence structures. Results of the present study indicate an urgent need in upgrading students basic linguistic competence. Explicit teaching on salient grammar points like types of sentences, syntax, verb forms of some commonly used tense s is highly recommended in the first semester. In the meantime, it is also important to convey the idea that error-free sentence production is not the prepare target for writing practice but as the means with which to better express ones meaning.Reflection based on the StudyMost ESL students want to learn English to be able to speak the language, not write it. However, learning writing skills is an important aspect of learning English as students could be called upon to write in English for professed(prenominal) or formal reasons. Those who wish to live in an English speaking country will most definitely need to be able to write in English in order to fill out forms and other administrative papers concerning their everyday lives. Why we should emphasize more on writing skill in the ESL class? When speaking, there are a number of factors that help make the task easier for a unknown language speaker speaking usually takes place in a certain context and other pre-existing knowledge is often pretended so that not all information has to be clear and fine immediate feedback is possible and speakers can adjust as the conversation unfolds. communication is often informal in everyday life and easier for an ESL student to become involved in and practice. Writing, however, is a much more formal process. ESL students will most likely have to use their writing skills for formal and paid reasons, like business English. This can be very stressful and honorable handicapping if they have never learnt to write in English. Thus, errors serve as an important means for us as a future teacher to observe leaners learning process and learning strategies. Based on the study that we have conducted, we have found that teaching writing is one of the hardest skill compare to the rest. It needs more on teachers effort whereby the teacher should expose the students from the basic grammar to the perfect sentence constructions.ConclusionThe results of the study show that errors that th e participant committed were basically grammatical. The participant also had a relatively weak vocabulary and their sentences were sometimes incomprehensible. She committed errors in applying sentence structure rules in the English language. Hence, we can conclude that this participant has problems in getting normal grammatical rules in English. This study has shed light on the air in which students internalize the rules of the TL.It further shows that error analysis also can help the teachers to identify in a systematic manner the specific and common language problems students have, so that they can focus more attention on these types of errors. Such an insight into language learning problems is expedient to teachers because it provides information on common trouble-spots in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials. Also, by being able to predict errors to a certain extent, teachers can be well-equipped to help students minimize or overcome their learning problems.Bibliography1) Ancker, W. (2000). Errors and corrective feedback Updated surmise and classroom practice. English Teaching Forum. 38(4), 20-24.2) European Journal of Social Sciences passel 8, Number 3 (2009) 3) http//www.marquette.edu/wac/WhatMakesWritingSoImportant.shtml