Constructions of Early Childhood Education and Care Provision

Question: Describe about the Constructions of Early Childhood Education and Care Provision? Answer: Since 1st September in the year 2010 within England each child amid 3 to 4 year gets entitled towards receiving gratis part time training and education up to some 15 hours every week for about 38 weeks every year intended for some couple of years. It actually is a part of each matter with child as well as childcare act of year 2006. Regional authorities also are funded through the government towards meeting such provisions. The curriculum of the foundation in reality runs from about 3 to 5 plus also is utilized within the nurseries in the school as well as reception. Initial years are not actually very formal about education and training but in reality are on the basis of some importance of the learning via play and games. Learning knowledge and the knowledge plus experience is also by the adults who work alongside of the children upon some focused actions otherwise separately self-selecting actions. Real stipulation of the early years of training and education can also be right from the nurseries, the nursery classes that are involved to the primary schools and pre schools as well as the playgroups plus accredited child minders otherwise sure start childrens center (CAMPBELL-BARR, 2014). There also are several forms of the childcare choices and options that are attainable for some 0-5 year, they are: Sure Start Childrens Centre who work with the parents from birth of the child, to providing education in the early years to the children, to some full day care, health family support and even parenting advice. Nursery schools which provide the real early learning as well as childcare for all children amid three to five years. Preschools playgroups that generally run through voluntary sets by providing some part-time play as well as early learning for children under 5 years. Day Nurseries which are generally based on the workplaces as well as are rum by some commerce or else charitable sets supplying proper care plus learning actions and activities intended for the children right from the birth till 5 years of age. CChild guard who look merely after the children beneath 12 in the child minders self house. 1.2 All the children who are aged amid 5 to 16 are actually allowed for a very free area at any state of the school. Majority of families also take such areas. Approximately 6.5% also like to disburse for the place at some sovereign which are even named as private, otherwise confusingly the public school. All the parents also pay the fees towards the cost of the running of such free school. TYPE OF SCHOOL EXPLANATION Nursery school They actually are type of stand-alone and single schools intended for the children who are actually aged from 3 to 4 years. They also have self chief teacher as well as employee. Few even are the state-financed and others also are the confidentially owned ones. Nursery classes They also are actually linked to the primary schools. Also they might even have some divided building as well as playing field right away from the main school yet share same head educator as well as staff. Primary Schools Such schools actually cater the children aged amid 4 to 11. Since at such schools the children initiate with the Early Years curriculum which is also followed bythe Main Stage 1 as well as Main Stage 2 of National Curriculum. Secondary schools The secondary schools also cater the children who are also aged amid 11to16 otherwise 18. They also take the pupils via main Stages 3 as well as 4 of the National Curriculum. Sixth form colleges 6th type of colleges caters towards the young and adult people who are aged from 16 to 19. The students also study A levels as well as other experience which they can also do just after the age of 16, example the BTEC National Certificates. Source: (Chi and Rao, 2003) 1.3 In the year 2013 all the young people would continue in the education otherwise training until they attain the age of 17 years. This actually means that the learners who started year 7 in the month of September in the year 2008 would be first people to continue the education otherwise the training to the 17 years. By the end of 2015 all the young people would remain in the education or else training until all of them attain an age of 18 years. Learners who began the year 7 in the September month of the year 2009 would continue the education and training until they attain the age of 18 years. Rising participation age does never mean that young people should stay in the school; they would be able to select one from the following options after 16: Full-time education, like school, college otherwise home education Apprenticeship Part-time training and education if they actually are employed or even self-employed otherwise volunteering for the full-time which is even defined as some 20 hours or even more every week (Chiang, 2009) Once a person is young and finishes the age of 11 years he/she has several options available which they can actually choose to pursue for future education. This could be either in school in sixth forms otherwise they can also go to the college. Qualifications which can be attained via further education actually are: AS A levels- these are full time study courses that are taught chiefly in academic subjects yet also few work attached subjects are also included and are usually taken over for 2 years. Diplomas- these are when student is immobile based in all of their school otherwise college yet they have opportunity to learn within some other settings like work place otherwise a college provided to them as a taste of things that are to expect in any particular occupation. Key skills- such are designed towards preparing the students for working ecology and frequently are run alongside otherwise are included within some other courses though they are available upon their own. Some other options available are: Apprenticeships- this is an extra hands on the role, learning via work in apprenticeship where children gain qualifications at the time of working in any job position, along with this option these children can also gain precious hands upon experience, training and even gaining a proper qualification whilst earning a pay or a wage at same time. BTECs- these are regularly studied at the school otherwise college where they work and is a work based skill and qualifications which are a mixture amid practical as well as theory plus few work experience. NVQs- these could also be undertaken either in the school or in the college, via a placement otherwise in work place. a) Governors The actual governing body is in reality responsible for all the conduct of all its schools as well as must endorse high standards for educational accomplishment at school. The schools are the accountable body plus as such supplies following: Supplies a strategic sight of school through establishing a proper vision as well as setting the main purpose plus aims of school in an agreed procedure and policy structure. It also appoints as well as performance manages head teacher, approving the school development strategy that includes the setting statutory aims and targets along with the supporting budgets as well as staffing structures and schemes (Clain, 2007). Monitors as well as evaluates all the work and tasks of school through reviewing performance of head teacher, effectiveness of school growth and improvement scheme and strategy. Signs off self evaluation procedures and responds towards the school improvement and growth service as well as Offsted reports as needed. For doing this, governors also need to attain knowledge of the way in which their school functions plus operates via training, through attending the meetings as well as by knowing their community of the school, for instance through a very small count of the visits to school while school day. b) Senior management team Senior management group plus team is often fabricated of the head teacher plus the deputy head. However depending on the school size the team could be larger as well as extra varied. Often people can also see assistant head educator otherwise senior teachers along with the particular responsibilities such as leading the key stages otherwise something such as assessments all across school. The real special needs coordinator (SENCO) may be an associate. Their role is about setting strategic direction and path towards school as well as then managing all this, leading any changes plus generally making sure that school is performing best that it can intend for children who concentrate (Donnelly, 1999). They should be also aware of present state of school, be creative while launching novel plus relevant initiatives within the path that could get whole school following the idea. c) Other statutory roles like SENCO The SENCO also takes an everyday responsibility for operation of SEN policy as well as co-ordination if provision that are made for some individual children along with the special educational requirements, working closely along with staff and parents or even other agencies. Key accountabilities for SENCO include: Overseeing everyday operation of school SEN procedure and policy Coordinating provision for the children along with some special education requirements Liaising with as well as advising all the fellow teachers Controlling and managing learning hold up and support assistants Properly overseeing records of every child along with some special educational requirements Contributing towards training for the staff Liaising along with the external agencies counting LEAs, support as well as educational psychology tasks and services, health as well as social services plus voluntary bodies (Duy, 2013). d) Teachers Teachers also prepare lessons plus even try to build them as motivating as probable. They also prepare homework and assignments as well as assessments. They make sure that information that they pass is present and accurate to best of their skill and knowledge. They also deliver all the works and assessments towards enabling themselves to support and help every individual student for developing his or her skill and knowledge. They also do not assess and judge any of the students. They even supply feedback to the parents or the care takers about the progress of the students. e) Support staff roles This actually refers to the staffs that are allocated on the work in the schools towards assisting the administrators, teachers as well as school counselors towards addressing special educational requirements within school. They also work under supervision of the school principles as well as direction of the certified educators and teachers. They should be versatile, well trained as well as multi skilled for fulfilling requirements of all of their individual roles. Support staffs are LSAs, and healthcare experts and professionals as well as educational psychologists. (2) The use of the external experts within any school is very much essential and also there exist several external experts who might also work along with the schools upon an ad-hoc otherwise on regular basis. Such experts would generally bring a very high degree of some specific expert knowledge as well as specialists know-how and skills that teachers themselves might not have. Teachers also might work such experts to directly holding and supporting children as well as some young people along with their social, health and also educational needs. Equally the experts might go in the schools towards providing some specialist training and education to the teachers for enabling them to perform their task at the best and extra efficiently (Graham, 2012). Schools beneath the regional authority maintenance would be supported by the team and group of the educational professionals who would supply training as well as support linked to the national initiatives. Regional authorities would also carry out a proper program of the school monitoring, support, challenge and also intervention wherever necessary. Additionally the schools also might build proper relations like the police, ambulance and fire services who could contribute towards the teaching of some particular fields of curriculum. The roles of main external experts who also might visit the schools to supply support are as follows: Educational psychologists generally have teaching background and an initial degree in the psychology as well as a greater degree in the educational psychology. They would discuss with parents as well as schools SENCO and later assess and evaluate all the children towards diagnosing causes for their particular behavior otherwise learning problems (Ingersoll, 2004) They would also support and help SENCO to provide feedback to the parents or the care takers. 3.1 Ethos of any school must be recognizable while entering school location because it is the part of ecology of the school as well as daily carry out and practice of employee plus the pupils who study all there. All adults who work as well as are parcel part of setting carry a very important responsibility while modeling the standards of the behavior, both within their dealings along with children that attend school as well as amongst the colleagues, because their self example has some momentous influence upon children. Good and proper associations as well as strong collaborations amid the adults would also encourage good behavior within children. Every adult in school must also aim towards creating an optimistic as well as positive ecology that also holds very high yet sensible prospect of each child that also attends the school; emphasize vitality of actually being properly respected like an individual in the school. Hearten, via instances like, honesty as well as politeness at the t ime of encouraging the children towards having proper relation on the basis of the fairness and kindness as well as understanding and know-how of the needs of some other children in the school (Johnson, 2003). 3.2 The ethos as well as mission and vision of any school also is generally referred like same thing, moreover, they also are very dissimilar. Mission and vision of any school also is actually based on things that school proposes to attain within an extra bodily as well as academicals path as properly set by the head teacher. All such is generally viewed as the axiom as well as slogan while one enters any school. Ethics of the school also is extra related to the beliefs as well as the feelings of the school. Ethos of the school must be recognizable while entering school environment because it is the part of nature as well as daily practice of all the employees and also the students who work and study there. Ethos of school is actually set out for whole school towards making the school aware of plus reinforced via daily actions. It also enforces that the childrens safety and security is paramount as well as with purpose of the children are at focus of everything. The main aims of school a re also set out through head teacher within partnership with parents, staff as well as community who must provide all the members of the school with secure plus safe as well as respected ecology that is supreme within obtaining all flourishing learning ecology (Johnson, 2003). Childrens Act 2004 and also Childcare Act 2006 The final goal is to build United Kingdom as a very safe as well as better place intended for every child, to enhance and improve well-being of every child. It even specifies inclusion of all the disabled children within such aims. It even aims to supply child care as well as information regarding this to every parent plus caretaker. It even helps along with transmission of the data and information amid the agencies. Data Protection Act 1998 This is the act that makes novel provision for regulation of processing of data and information regarding the individuals, including obtaining and holding and use otherwise disclosure of any such data. Information also needs to be maintained secure as well as to ensure that information is merely used by right people as well as in method in which it must be used (Jones, 2011). Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Special Educational Needs Code of Practice School's also are not allowed to distinguish amid disabled children and other normal ones. Any such discrimination is also not allowed amid staff members. Main aim of this law is to make all the children feel included within everyday actions of school and also not get left out. U.N. Convention on rights of child 1989 There exist 54 vital articles within this law which covers all rights of every children beneath age of 18 years. It is first legally obligatory global instrument towards covering full variety of the human rights countin g civil, cultural, and economic, political as well as social ones. Health Safety at the Work Act 1974 This act also was designed towards protecting everyone in school as well as on grounds plus clearly demonstrates all the procedures to be followed in event of any accident that takes place in the school premises Source: (Jonsson and Mood, 2008) Equality act of year 2010 brings Disability Discrimination act along with some other acts together which also helps to protect the children in the schools against any discrimination based on any ground. a) General bodies like Health Safety Executive Health Safety Executives is a body within the UK government that is actually responsible for properly enforcing all the health safety rules and regulations at the work. HSE plays a vital role in producing the advice upon the issues regarding health safety as well as guidance on some relevant legislation. HSE main mission is all about preventing ill health and injuries as well as to make sure that the professionals in the education otherwise elsewhere manage any major risks that could arise from the school actions and off from the school premises. HSE also checks numerous things in a school like toilet amenities for staff as well as pupils, condition of school premises and also medical rooms, plus water supplies as well as weather protection, heating and lighting plus ventilation. Appropriately sustain flooring as well as that appropriate procedures are in proper place to put off slips upon wet areas. In playground, equipment which children play otherwise use is in reality not faul ty otherwise rusted plus that playground surfaces also are adequate (Lodge, 2000). b) School explicit regulatory bodies Such bodies in the England are named as OFSTED and they are actually responsible for properly carrying out all the inspections of the colleges, and childrens homes as well as schools towards ensuring that quality of service supplied is adequate for each individual child as well as young person. At the time of inspection they would gather the evidence based upon practice that they observe and what they actually learn from people using service. Then they use such evidence as well as other data and information which is collected to make expert decision on service offered as well as it would later be published within any Ousted report. Report would also contain quality of the provision within National Curriculum subjects as well as aspects of the childcare and social care teaching plus learning as well as skills (Lodge, 2000). Ousted would even act like a regulator within checking that people, building and services which are provided also are appropriate to care plus educate children as well as potentially at risk youthful people. Every school follows few rules as well as processes and procedures intended for very smooth and also daily running of the school issues and carry outs and also to ensure that children receive a good quality education. Policies also help the schools to define rules; procedures and regulation that they need to follow and thereby attain better results. Schools policies exist for many reasons and some are as follows: To establish the rules as well as regulations intended for satisfactory behaviors To make sure that school ecology is also safe as well as secured for the pupil To build a very productive and resulting learning ecology To ensure that school ecology is even safe for all the staffs working there (Manchester and Bragg, 2013) Policies are generally built by the government bodies of school for the rules as well as regulations to stand at place as well as enforced properly. When such policies come in place it actually means that there exist few determined processes of the way in which schools functions and are also handled and also the way in which staffs and children come to know about expectations of them as well as act accordingly. This even saves a lot of time and also prevents some confusion and even unifies the school. Towards creating a very safe teaching and learning ecology all such policies are needed. These also helps in establishing a very safe and secure ecology all around and also builds good physical as well as mental condition. These situations help to retain both students and teachers for longer period of time. To attain all such policies all these anti bullying policies, fire drills, mental health and safety guidelines and also equal opportunity policies are outlined. For encouraging highe r learning each and every school also has few goals that are set by the school and its board. All such forms of goals help in establishing standards on which school needs to work and also are accountable to public. Policies even are vital as they help and support in establishing the rules as well as processes and also creates benchmarks of the quality intended for learning as well as safety plus expectations as well as accountability (Smokowski and Kopasz, 2005). 5.2 a) Policies for the employees or the staffs are put in the place to safeguard and protect staffs welfare as well as their rights in any school setting plus to hold and support the staff in all of their management tasks of conditions they might be involved within. Each policy must also outline all its aims and purpose as well as responsibilities that the staff would have. Instance of the policies employees might have included: Anti bullying: this outlines what any specific school would do towards preventing as well as tackling situations of bullying. The way, in which school would discuss, monitor as well as deal with the bullying. All the parents and the guardians must receive such policy while their child gets enrolled in school. Policy for whistle blowing: this would provide the avenues intended for staff towards raising some genuine worries about some members of the staff as well as would also permit some members to take matter further (Stephen, 2003). b) Policies for children welfare include: Discipline procedure and policy: this would demonstrate that school would also encourage the optimistic behavior that would enhance the opportunities intended for children towards learning as well as development, plus establish good acceptable prototypes of behavior which would encourage a good sense of accountability and responsibility towards all the others. Policy for child protection: this consists of main factors in protecting the children as well as young public, these rudiments being: To make sure that good steps would be also taken within the checking appropriateness of the employee as well as leaders who also work along with the children plus young public within the school ecology (Thornton, 2004). Bring the awareness and know-how of the child security and protection problems as well as providing all the children along with skills plus information that they need to maintain all of them safe. Develop as well as apply the procedures towards identifying as well as reporting the cases, otherwise alleged tasks of the violence. Support and hold-up of the victims of any kind of abuse in line along with all of their prearranged plan for child fortification plan. Consider the safe and secured surroundings within which all children as well as adult people could know and learn plus develop to best of their capability. c) Teaching plus learning: this includes the curriculum policies and also early years policy, particularly the educational requirement policy, planning assessment policy as well as marking of policy. The main aims as well as missions and visions of such procedures and policies also are towards giving secure, inspiring education ecologies for the children as well as teachers. Such policies also are set in place towards ensuring that every child has an equivalent opportunity intended for the curriculum of the school so that the learning is distinguished to fit with every childs entity learning requirements and capabilities. d) Equality and assortment as well as inclusion: following policies also are set to make sure that every child, regardless of all of background, capabilities or even the disabilities; the race otherwise spiritual thinking and thoughts should have equivalent admittance to the school as well as its entire curriculum as well as must be properly treated uniformly in each facet of the school life (West and Hind, 2007). Equality Impact Evaluation also indulges evaluating genuine impacts of the procedures and policies upon people with veneration of all of their disability and also cultural equality otherwise sex. It even supports Department of the Work Pensions to build up certain needs of the people that are also taken considered while developing as well as implementation of the policies. Policy for equal opportunities is set in education towards ensuring that the children as well as staff identify that the discrimination on basis of the color, origin, sex, culture otherwise ability is actually not acceptable as well as to make sure that every staff in the school feels valued, supported as well as have appropriate advice plus encouragement intended for professional growth and development. e) Parental engagement: parents plus families also play a vital role while helping the children attain their total potential in the education through supporting all of them in learning as well as development within own homes. Through working along with childs school the parents can also build a learning ecology to help strengthen lessons which are learned in the school. Educational procedures and polices also need to get reviewed on timely basis towards keeping them all updated along with the alteration and many changes in school establishment as well as government legislation. Staffs senior members would gather within a meeting for discussing things that needs to be amended as well as updated in policies as well as procedures (White, 2011). The school policies can be developed and communicated through following steps: Consider people who would be affected by novel policies as well as procedures, and also looking not merely at personnel in the school but also considering external populations that are affected by tall such novel measures. Knowing about all the parties that would be impacted helps recognize the source through which the policy will be communicated. Leaders also generally assume that novel procedures would also affect merely the schools practices, and also neglect to recognize the larger consequences of such changes. An expert must be designated member with very strong grasp in the technical writing as well as communication towards announcing new policies and procedures. Choosing a person for handling communication of novel measures makes sure that every level of school, regardless of the technical skill and knowledge or the expertise, would understand new policies as well as procedures. Announcement of new policies as well as procedures, using the multiple avenues of the communication to arrive at intended audiences. Communicating to the staff members mist not merely articulate new measures that will be taken, yet the school also must announce new training and development programs as well as explain the way in which new procedures would affect the existing functions. Management of the school should also provide the staff members along with data and information about places from where to attain answers to the questions otherwise concerns that they have regarding novel policies as well as procedures (Wood and Millichamp, 2000). National government DEF which means the department for education actually leads whole network of the public who in reality work along with the CYP. They are accountable for properly drawing up the educational policy which is the National curriculum. The DEF also is always hunting for novel ways for developing the excellence of the services attainable to the children beneath five results of each children matter. National government even plays a vital role while funding the projects that are based on education and development reforms in the workplace as well as promotion of the integration. The Department intended for Education actually is accountable for education as well as childrens services. Fundamentally, this refers that they also are accountable for properly setting the entire national and countrywide curriculum and also for early years of the foundation stage. These are those that schools as well as nurseries operate plus even look into novel ways towards development of quality of the services tha t are available to the children beneath five results of each matter of children. Some other roles as well as responsibilities of Department of the education are as follows: i) Funding the research ii) Development of workforce reform like 2020 childrens workforce strategy. iii) Development of role of third sector that is the non-government firm (Winter, 2012). Local government The local or the regional government department intended for education actually provides a main service to the schools in the regional area and location. They also offer a proper role of hold up and support as well as appropriate advice. Few main responsibilities of such department are: i) Training the staffs and ensuring their development plus growth ii) Fulfilling all special educational requirements iii) Providing whole curriculum including the early years iv) Promoting the community ties v) Solving all M school management problems and issues vi) Management of the staffs and childrens behavior (Stephen, 2003) Also all the local authorities would require to supply proper document work that would outline all the vision as well as plans intended for all initiatives base on the government and also they are able to demonstrate all this via paths that would include all of their regional children and also young people partnership plan. Such plans also focus upon the integration as well as enhancement in the local areas. Such bodies also employ some professional and special advisors who deal with many dissimilar subjects along with some subjects related to the curriculum as well. Also if there exist any alteration in the policy of education then the body is also expected to properly communicate the change to all the schools and also offer all additional training that is necessary via either local education growth and development center otherwise the In-service education plus training. The regional authoritiesalso need to supply documents that set out all of their aims and vision as well as bounda ries. They would also have policies that properly communicate their leadership intended for schools within the society. As a part of National Governments inducement and incentives towards providing help backing as well as encouragement to the experts and practitioners in the schools till new funding programs all were brought in by Department for the Children, Schools as well as Families like a part and parcel of Plan by the Government intended for children. These were actually launched towards increasing the skills of all the early years experts and specialists as well as were a vital part of governments greater pledge to education workforce growth and development. Such packages also were designed towards addressing requirement for the children within the schools to experience any language rich background through the staff in making sure that they perform successfully along with both the parents as well as families. Via SEAD, staff within the schools also becomes capable of gaining proper skill and knowledge as well as understanding for helping them in engaging the parents extra efficiently in order t o get them better prepared towards supporting their childrens social as well as emotional needs plus requirements (Lodge, 2000).It also was abuse as well as final death of the Victoria Climbie within the year 2000 that prompted all such changes in the services for the children. The 5 main aims as well as intentions were to: i) Be healthy: all the schools required to play very leading role in the health education for children as well as young people that also included all the queries of significance of the snacks as well as nutritional stuffing of the school meals, plus also enabling the children to take pleasure of a proper physical as well as mental health through being a part of the healthy lifestyle. ii) Stay safe: some survey amongst the age of 11 to 16 years olds within the mainstream schools also claimed that approximately 46% have been victim of few type of bullying, for breaking such statistics it was also significant that the pupils required to sense that they also are being secluded in the school, for the schools to perform this they should continue to build their behavior management as well as anti bullying programs and sense them as major issue. iii) Enjoy achieve: For students to attain most out of the life as well as develop all vital and necessary skills intended for matured children as well as young people should enjoy all of their lives as well as achieve all of their prospective. iv) Contribute: children as well as young people also need to get involved within their society other than involving themselves in some behavior which are anti social. Schools could also teach children ethics of the social responsibility plus a sense of the belonging through providing them a link to the pupils self community as well as making them aware about the way through which they can become vital part of the society. v) Achieve some good standard and benchmark of living: all the children as well as young people having parents who also are unemployed otherwise are existing on very low incomes should be confident towards aspiring to some better career as well as lifestyle intended for themselves. The schools could also develop proper strategies towards enabling all the students to properly reach full potential. Student can be taught to attain a good standard within the society and follow some rule and regulation as well as ethics in their lives which would help them become a good and recognizable human being. Such behavior in the society must be shown by the pupil which would make them better part of the community and make them acceptable everywhere and all round and would later make their lives easy one. There actually are many organizations which have a vital impact upon work within the schools. Multi organization teams also bring together the experts and professionals right from diverse agencies to give an integrated path of underneath children, and young people as well as their families. Also they supply advice plus guidance to the teachers as well as all the other employees in the schools. It also is a path towards working together which even guarantees the children as well as young public who require some additional hold up have of the professional which is required to supply them the support. Experts who also work alongside the schools also are probable to include all the Social Workers and the Early Years Interference Agencies plus the Youth Workers as well as Police and even the Youth Justice (Graham, 2012). Social Workers: actually their central responsibility and role is about offering help as well as assistance to the children, the young people as well as families dealing along with the children at the risk. They also play a vital role of properly gathering data and information regarding some pupils social and emotional as well as behavioral development within the school. Also conducting the interviews along with student and making the classroom explanations. They would also conduct the interviews along with the senior associates of the staff as well as parents upon strategies which would benefit child within the school. Consultants of Early Years: they offer support as well as advice to the teachers plus to other associates of the staffs within the school. They also work intimately with children as well as parents towards identifying and assessing as well as responding to any childs extra need plus towards ensuring that proper intervention is provided to the child for developing their learning in the school. Youth Workers: they promote personal, educational as well as social development and growth of all young people who are aged amid 13 to 19. Police: they hold debates within the schools to train the children as well as young people upon issues like knife crime as well as behavior that are anti social for discouraging children from such behavior. They hold open discussions in order for the child or young person to give their opinions and views Youth Offending groups: they offer proper support to the young people within education that are at danger and risk of the offending that they liaise along with schools as well as Education Department while any young person experiences difficulties at the school References CAMPBELL-BARR, V. 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