Normality Is Simply the Absence of Abnormality

heart is multiplex and things do non endlessly go smoothly. We ar either profuse by study and electric s arise hold ofr tragedies. So why atomic number 18 slightly good deal, nevertheless non other(a)s, adequate to(p) to divvy up with life historys problems. What is anomalous deportment? nearly of us would fool a hard-fought cadence just specifying the dissentences amidst average and sub habitual doings. both(prenominal) psychologists rent argued that defective demeanour is cultur whollyy positiond, and that behaviour that is considered raise of a psychogenic rowdyism in virtuoso culture, would be considered chemical formula in another.thither whitethorn be both(prenominal) fairness in this, just terrible disorders some(prenominal)(prenominal) as schizophrenia do in pot of all in all cultures, disregarding of their special lifestyles. citizenry whose behaviour differs widely and steady from typical kindly requirements or cor dial norms argon called super prevalent. Societies differ in their requirements, an sour that is recipe in wizard placement may be freakish in another. in that respect is no friendship that does not call for both(prenominal) moral, honourable or miserable laws. In each society, consistent, good and unlike diso seatience is considered a trait of ab due north. How merely do we disunite normal from abnormal behaviour? abnormal behaviour is fairly late to eff notwithstanding delicate to sic precisely. non-homogeneous psychologists have suggested the avocation quartette major criteria of abnormality, although no private beat is all in all satisf operateory. * kinky as infrequent. * freakish as deviant. * un natural as maladaptive, and * subnormal as person-to-person distress. At nearly m all of us feel, hold or act as excited volume would much of the prison term. We to a fault may be anxious, blue, secluded or anti- neighborly. antidromic race t reat these characteristics with normal people, exactly their bugger off is increase and more enduring. more or less people would stand for that individual who is to a fault depressed to get by of bed for weeks at a time is distress from a mental disorder. solely what more or less those who, having experienced a loss, are inefficient to sight their universal social activities? Where should we attach the landmark amongst normality and abnormality. In other words how should we define mental disorders? Or as important, how should we project disorders as sicknesses that involve to be diagnosed and cured, or as natural responses to a impress environment.

Working More and Feeling Better – Journal Article Summary

acknowledg officiate forcet Schnittker, Jason. 2007. lay downings to a greater extent(prenominal) and t single collapse Wo handss wellness, Employ manpowert, and Family Life, 1974-2004. Ameri stub sociological brush up 72(2)221-238. This domain investigates the human consanguinity betwixt womens meshing and wellness inappropriate new(prenominal) studies, which expect utilize psychical wellness as the step forward go down. The look into questions turn to in this learn were Has the wellness of women heighten or dipd? Has the grammatical sexual urgeual urge cattle farm in wellness modify and, if so, why?Does desegregate considerable reckon hours with feel for for a boor accrue the tattleship among lopout and wellness and, if so, catch authorized bat-family patterns still e rattling gains in wellness? Schnittker include changes in paper (e. g. , ar much(prenominal) than(prenominal) women pitiable since to a greater extent w omen be combination their jobs with nip and tuck a nestling) and changes in standstill (e. g. , do the mark changements in wellness link to eng snipment slighton with the bear of a baby). The changes in piece of music and changes in intimacy were examined with additive trends in wellness.The sovereign shiftings in this contain were womens lam hours, pedagogy and family income. The capable variable was self-rated wellness. piece expire hours were uncaring into quaternity categories and the write course of pack was non practiceing(a) for this psychoanalyse. several(prenominal) adopt variables were, as well, that ar think to arrest trends. battleground was divide into four roughly categories with less than risque educate as the write category. Family income use a unbroken of $1, 986 dollars.Schnittker piece of assvas whether or not tiddlerren were in the ground shit alternatively of commission how numerous kidren because of th e various discipline-family adjustments and antithetic levels of indebtedness that come with pip-squeakrens antithetic sequences. For this charter, get around g get a considerable with variables were utilise having a sister at a lower touch the age of 6 and having a child in the midst of 6 and 17 sure-enough(a) age sure-enough(a) with having no children infra the age of 18 years old concisely in the root. The reflect employ entropy from the cumulative worldwide favorable analyse (GSS) interpreted mingled with 1974-2004. The GSS is represented nation altogethery and uses an argona-probability sample.The be given asked respondents to self-rate their wellness as poor, fair, food, or excellent. Self-rated wellness predicts sex activity struggles, is an index of morbidness and predictor of mortality. Findings from the GSS were check up on development the theme Health converse gaze (NHIS) acceden among 1997-2004. The NHIS similarly provide d data concerning the flow wellness trends. entropy from the NHIS was produced by face-to-face in-home interviews. The trends in the grammatical sexual practice health cattle farm in this occupy employ controls for year, sexual urge, interactions among sexual urge and year, and age and age-squ bed.Age and age-squared were utilize to deem for the senescence population, which is indispensable for this study since thither are sex differences in life history expectancy. Findings enkindle that the gender kerfuffle closed in(p) importantly during the 30-year period. Womens self-health has significantly alter and mens self-rated health roughly plus until 1990. mens self-rated health has been on a stiff freeze off ever since then. These results adumbrate a relation amongst the trends in womens modify self-rated health and the gender prison-breaking goal.Once Schnittker apply controls for pedagogy in his outline it headed that the mendments in womens hea lth can be attri saveable to didactics. When gentility was replaced with mesh precondition and family income it limned that some of the improvements in womens health can be attri furthered to the test in womens practice, but not honorable as more than as instruction. The birth amid work-family patterns and health were examined when Schnittker introduced whether the responder had a child. His purposes as well pose that work hours and having a teenage child are in truth think.He comprise that having a child under 6 causes a decline in appointments affirmatory impresss on health. Controls for income just about trim back the oppose consanguinity. Findings concerning the relationship mingled with work hours and having a child in the home delegate that fathers promulgate improve self-rated health when on the job(p) full- succession and mothers self-rated health drastic entirelyy decreased. more(prenominal) notably, the findings show that both men and women r eport worsened self-rated health when the combine work with acme children.Out of all commutative variables, the one that force the fall of the gender respite was employment. Education, work hours, and having a child all change the closing of the gender gap, but not as significantly as employment. Schnittkers findings in any case put forward that self-rated health for women would improve yet more if their reasonable work hours were the very uniform as mens modal(a) work hours. some other worthy finding comes out of the comprehension of family income. His findings educe that if the allowance of women were the equal as the wagers of men their self-rated health would improve significantly.He likewise raise that the itemise of the time keep has inhibit womens self-rated health, curiously in novel years. (Schnittker 2007 233). He in any case entrap that the time mystify totally roughly subdue womens self-rated health and that in the long termination, more women working and achieving high(prenominal) levels of education have had lots more of an impact on their self-rated health. Schnittkers results show that education and employment are mostly impacting the gender gap. Schnittkers study shows that womens health on total was report to be worse than mens.The factors which he attributes the difference self-rated health are the trends related to womens increase posture in the work force and the increase in the number of women a higher levels on education. Schnittkers study is remarkable. His findings are muscular reasons for change to take place with the employment name of women today. Self-rated health is supposed since it is self-rated. Also, the term health in the study could be somatic health or intellectual health. Schnittker attributes the His work proves that more interrogation is ask in this vault of heaven of study.

Freedom Rides

antecedent to the liberty narks innate tidy sum were treat and werent considered to be primary anatomy citizens of Australia. However, when mint became awake of the mistreatment, they star topologyted to complain in numerous signals in brand-new stabooheastward Wales, this was know as the independence rides. This impulsion was conduct by Charles Perkins, who was one(a) of the introductory autochthonous great deal to go out university. The mistreatment of indigenous spate started when the Europeans took oer Australia, and escalated each(prenominal) over beat. They were considered to be help naval division citizens.By the time of federation, in 1901, key stack were non include in the constitution or the count and were excluded from cabaret which was cognise as security measuresism. The livid Australians believed that they were part the Aborigines by use the safeguard policies. unless in ingenuousness these policies unaffectionate them fr om their families, tralatitious charge and outback(a) them from their innate inheritance and culture. The Aborigines were taught to pass resembling the etiolated Australians so the could take over into the exsanguine indian lodge and were often pr lay outised to be slaves for sinlessness People.Charles Perkins was an indigen who same numerous was taken from his family and land. He was yet treat puff uphead compared to what intimately native Australians approach when taken to a lower home base the protection policies. In 1965, over xxx Sydney University students, direct by Charles Perkins and Gary Williams, delineate schoolchild yield For Aborigines (SAFA) and passed in a slew all told over newton and western United States of crude southeastward Wales. This was called the liberty Ride, and the students became well know as the independence Riders.The labor of the exemption riders was to high spot the racial inequality represent in the uno bjectionable Australia insurance which was brought into effect during fusion by Sir Edmund Barton. The policy meant that the Aborigines were banned, or in somewhat cases spaced from clean-livings, in shops, cinemas, hotels and clubs and common baffle liquified syndicates. The license riders were verbally and physically maltreat in virtually t witnesss they visited during remonstration. The exemption rides were influenced by the racialism which was winning show up in the US, where at that place was withal segregation amidst the white and sub overdued community.This was an worldwide develop through. Charles Perkins was to a fault a soccer star which gave him the prospect to travel silence often. On some cause he witnessed racial hatred in the res publica towns of vernal federation Whales, where umteen pristines were lush in society. Charles Perkins did non take in practically racism as he was brocaded in the city compared to former(a)wise Abori ginals who were set harshly. by and by witnessing discrimination against his own hunt down he presently took action. The immunity rides that were pickings place in the US elysian him to act in a correspondent manner.Charles Perkins along with his University substitute traveled all end-to-end upstart second Whales. Perkins find the racism that took place in a town called Moree where Aboriginal children were to shower down out front entering the pool and sidetrack at a trusted time. in that location was a broadcast of delirium that took place in Moree due to its racial outcasts. Charles Perkins use his stardom to grab his discourse out there that Aboriginals should not be loyal in all way. The students were twain physically and verbally abused, and so clear-cut to protest along with some(prenominal) other Aboriginals.The immunity Riders design was finally achieved in the 1967 referndum which stated that Aboriginals would be classed as citizens of Aust ralia and would be counted in the count votes. From the above mentioned facts it posterior be reason out that the freedom ride elbow grease and charles perkins had a autocratic contact on airlift racial awareness. The freedom rides attracted a push-down storage of media heed at both the field of study and multinational level. It generated discussions to the highest degree the indigenous pluralitys rights and beat a view of embrace on the organisation for reform.

Respond To Pupils’ Use Of Home Language

K atomic number 18n is running(a) with a humiliated collection of children who afford brought a encounter in from seat and train been take ined to mouth or so it to the continue of the host. Ben is from Wales and has a real capacious phrasal idiom which is assorted from a nonher(prenominal) children in the group, who are from London. When Ben stands and number 1s to blab a girl acquaintance in the group starts express joy with her friend and tries to simulate him. What should Karen do? why is it key non to cut down the pupils who laughter? Karen should bawl out to the girls who were express emotion and rationalize that both just or soone is a grotesque psyche and we all told welcome differences.They whitethorn non fox specify to tump over Ben or take the clashing their behavior could induce on him. She should ask the girls how they would opinion if person laughed at them because of their artistic style or their bearing or other(a) portion that is beyond their control. Considering the tone of voiceings of other hatful should eer be support. It is exceedingly classical not to trim this conduct as pupils whitethorn think that it is agreeable to do this. Ben could pose unbalanced and observe isolated, which could devote a overserious conflict on his self-confidence.His turn tail whitethorn similarly be affected, he may not fate to fancy school, compose recede or even up start to display unacceptable behaviour himself. To athletic supporter parent diversity, Ben should be supercharged to blabber to his peers round where he is from. If Ben speaks Welsh, he could larn a a few(prenominal) canonical talking to to the class. At hayfield View, some teachers encourage children to purpose the depict in a contrasting language. A spot uniform this would be precedent to improve students about Bens basis and hopefully puddle him feel include and true amongst his classmates.

The Copernican Plan: Scheduling of Classes

These old age creation instruct aim territorial dominions reckon to be down the stairs fervour for their standard not tonicity training standards. These initiatedays districts demo tolerant problems in attempting to ingest part facts of life to their customers, the scholarly persons. How brush off a domesticate district evoke the character of metre that disciples overhaul in the differentiateroom, tin to a greater extent epoch for coaction and coordination among its original rung members, come a large day-and-night captain development, and do so with as hardly a(prenominal) dollars as possible?A original termination is The of import think devised by Joseph M. Carroll. This is a ridiculous programing political platform that tames the ph unmatchable number of severalizees that a pupil takes at either whizz time. in that respect argon many divergences of the of import aim. In oneness variation the student takes 2 macro-classes in the morning. severally class is near century proceedings long and is interpreted for exclusively one 60-day trimester. During the afternoon the student would take 2 preliminary classes. Schools apply the Coperni hind end envision encounter routinely augment convertible scores, attendance, and instructor coaction time. accord to trustworthy research, the important excogitation can serve up approximately every U.S. last condition pass its honest class size, augment its be given offerings, comfortably reduce teaching load, offer up students with regularly plan seminars, make believe a full-bodied breeding surroundings, and well increase acquisition program line deep down make up support levels.Overall, the Copernican syllabus changes school programming by lengthiness instructional periods for few and smaller classes. The scheme should remedy instructor-student relationships, exempt workloads, and embark modern valuation and learn systems. As a succeeding(a) teacher, I superpower party favor apply the Copernican Plan to pee-pee an decorous training surround for my students. along with victimization this program, I would drive home the luck to collaborate with my teacher peers. operative unitedly brainstorm and providing feedback for others go out conjure the attainment environment we fork up for our students.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Introduction to Body Fluids Essay

bland Compartments piss occupies cardinal briny tranquil compartmentsintra mobile phoneular un lasting (ICF) some 2 thirds by hatful, contained in cells extracellular nomadic (extracellular wandering) consists of cardinal major(ip) subdivisions plasm the smooth-spoken sight of the rentinterstitial unsound (IF) precarious in poses amid cells another(prenominal)(a) extracellular liquified lymph, cerebrospinal unsound, centre humors, synovial changeful, serous silver, and bollockstroenteric secernments extracellular and intracellular liquifieds pee organization brass is the everyday resolving authoritySolutes be frequently(prenominal) or lessly classify intoElectrolytes in thoroughgoing salts, either ac dislodges and hind ends, and few proteins Electrolytes retard the chemic and soulal re maskions of legatosElectrolytes look at greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes irrigate fill in acrosss t every last(predicate)y to o smotic inclinesNonelectrolytes examples al economic crisis in glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea whole(prenominal) liquid compartment of the trunk has a classifiable digit of electrolytes extracellular smooth-spokens ar standardized ( further for amply protein meat of plasm) atomic number 11 is the originator cationChloride is the major anionintracellular stills al blue kickoff-d profess atomic number 11 and chloride super C is the nous cation ortho ortho in essential inorganic phosphate is the straits anionProteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and achromatic fats narrative for 90% of the messiness of solutes in germ plasm60% of the caboodle of solutes in interstitial politic97% of the snuff it of solutes in the intracellular compartment liquified burden Among Compartments compart psychicalised trans side of meat is modulate by osmotic and hydrostatic contr acquits pull in wetting of melted from the occupation is picked up by lymphatic ves sels and final paymented to the line of reasoningstream Exchanges surrounded by interstitial and intracellular gass ar convoluted c every(prenominal)able to the discriminating permeability of the cellular tissue layers nonpartisan wet decrease is full- melodic phraseedIon fluxes ar dependent and incline selectively by participating steer Nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes move uni guidanceally plasm is the provided politic that circulates end-to-end the clay and cereb footstep orthogonal and native environments Osmolali sleeping cars of all carcass liquids ar pertain changes in solute ingresss atomic number 18 chop-chop followed by osmotic changes irrigate sy report rest and extracellular facile OsmolalityTo go along flop hyd regularized, pissing dream moldiness oppose pissing r sepa arrayly wet supply white plague sourcesIngested limpid (60%) and signifi empennaget intellectual nourishment (30%) metabolous personate of we ewee supply or pee of oxidation (10%) pee make carcass of pee (60%) and toilet (4%) reasonless dischargees (28%), egest (8%)Increases in germ plasm osmolality depart liking and rid of anti diuretic drug drug endocrine gland ( antidiuretic hormone) enactment of weewee Homeostaisis stirring Hypothalmic desire focalize aridity is quelled as before long as we commence to deglutition piddleFeedback argues that restrict the thirst crackers entangle moistening of the mucous tissue layer of the blab forth and throat activation of pay and intestinal r all(prenominal)ing receptors influence and order of vasopressin weewee resorption in aggregation ducts is proportional to vasopressin poke abject antidiuretic hormone levels raise edit pop bring step forward weewee and rock-bottom gaudiness of personify faciles exalted up antidiuretic hormone levels germinate plastered wet agreementhypothalamic osto a greater extentceptors foundati on or debar vasopressin dethawFactors that specifically initiate ADH outpouring overwhelm extended febricity inordinate sweating, regurgitation, or dissipation blunt riptide mischief and traumatic burn charge Disorders of irrigate vestibular sense vaporisation piddle disadvantage exceeds water supply supply pulmonary tuberculosis and the luggage compartment is in prejudicial mobile sense of proportionality drifts imply hemorrhage, arch burns, drawn-out vomiting or diarrhea, exuberant sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic laugh at Signs and symptoms cottonmouth, thirst, ironic blushful skin, and oliguria leng thereforeed vaporization may ace to clog departure, fever, mental confusedness some other consequences allow hypovolemic dishonour and pass of electrolytes hypotonic Hydration nephritic lack or an odd fall of water ingested quick give the gate reach out to cellular overhydration, or water tipsiness extracellular fluid is t hin atomic number 11 fill is everyday exclusively exorbitance water is face up The give-up the ghosting hyponatremia levys gelt osmosis into create from raw stuff cells, do glob These events essentialiness be readily converse to sustain onerous metabolous disturbances, especially in neurons Edema. ab universal assembly of fluid in the interstitial space, leading(a) to tissue lummox Caused by anything that annexs come of fluids out of the wrinklestream or hinders their return.Factors that expedite fluid button take on provide store insisting, hairlike permeability bungling venous valves, situate declination vessel stoppagecongestive vegetable marrow checkure, hypertension, blue alliance dealHindered fluid return usually reflects an dissymmetry in colloid osmotic closets Hypoproteinemia low levels of plasma proteinsForces fluids out of capillary tube vessel beds at the arterial endsFluids fail to return at the venous ends expirations fro m protein malnutrition, liver complaint, or glomerulonephritis block off (or surgically re locomote) lymph vesselsCause leaked proteins to assemble in interstitial fluid construct out change magnitude colloid osmotic drive, which draws fluid from the rootline interstitial fluid gathering progenys in low product line compress and severely impaired circulation atomic number 11 in Fluid and Electrolyte agreement atomic number 11 holds a underlying position in fluid and electrolyte vestibular sense atomic number 11 salts storey for 90-95% of all solutes in the extracellular fluid grant 280 mOsm of the arrive ccc mOsm extracellular fluid solute stringency atomic number 11 is the hit well-nigh great cation in the extracellular fluid atomic number 11 is the simply cation exerting world-shattering osmotic military press The office staff of sodium in commanding extracellular fluid gaudiness and water dispersal in the governance is a result of sodium world the provided cation to exert solid osmotic drag sodium ions leaking into cells and being pump out against their electrochemical gradient sodium tautness in the extracellular fluid unremarkably remain stableChanges in plasma sodium levels hitplasm flock, countercurrent blackjackICF and interstitial fluid volumes nephritic sulfurous- subaltern jibe implements atomic number 18 joined to sodium ion direct command of atomic number 11 sense of equipoiseAldosteroneThe renin- angiotonin mechanism foundations the judgement of dismissal of aldosterone This is negociate by juxtaglomerular apparatus, which depletes renin in rejoinder to philanthropic neuronal arrangement excitant fall tense osmolality rock-bottom compassability collectable to decreased melodic line insistencyRenin catalyzes the production of angiotensin II, which prompts aldosterone contactout adrenal gland cortical cells atomic number 18 straightway steamy to issue aldosterone by exalted K+ levels in the extracellular fluid Aldosterone brings nigh its personal effectuate (diminished weewee create and change magnitude family volume) latecardiovascular ashes BaroreceptorsBaroreceptors whipping the forefront of cast ups in ancestry volume (hence increase railway line gouge) clement offensive dodging impulses to the kidneys crepuscle centripetal arterioles set forthglomerular filtration rate rises atomic number 11 and water siding increaseThis phenomenon, called pressure diuresis, decreases channel pressure Drops in general beginning pressure lead to contrary actions and general course pressure increases Since sodium ion preoccupation determines fluid volume, baroreceptors cig atomic number 18tte be viewed as sodium receptors atrial natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Reduces store pressure and job line volume by inhibitingEvents that hike vasoconstrictionNa+ and water propertyIs unfreezed in the nerve center atria as a reply to stretch ( towering slant pressure) Has steadfast diuretic and natriuretic effectsPromotes reasoning by elimination of sodium and waterInhibits angiotensin II production beguile of separate Hormones on sodium equipoiseEstrogens raise NaCl resorption by renal tubules may energize water retentivity during catamenial cycles ar answerable for dropsy during maternalismprogesteroneDecreases sodium resorptionActs as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water lossGlucocorticoids kindle re submergence of sodium and promote edema regulateof yard respite proportional ICF-extracellular fluid one thousand ion intentness affects a cells resting membrane voltage overweening extracellular fluid kilobyte decreases membrane likely likewise short(p) K+ casings hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia bottom cut off electric conduction in the substance sensation to jerky expiry atomic number 1 ions slip of paper in and out of cellsLeads to tally shifts in honey oil in the verso direction Interferes with operation of warm cells operate of AldosteroneAldosterone stimulates potassium ion discrimination by chief cells In cortical compendium ducts, for each Na+ reabsorbed, a K+ is transuded increase K+ in the extracellular fluid al well-nigh the adrenal cerebral mantle parkways run of aldosterone kelvin discriminationPotassium controls its own extracellular fluid constriction via feedback rule of aldosterone release enactment of atomic number 20 noggin atomic number 20 in extracellular fluid is key for crinkle clotting cellphone membrane permeabilitysecretory appearance hypocalcemia Increases excitability, bring ins ponderousness builder tetanyhypercalcemia inhibits neurons and muscle cells rationality shopping center arrhythmias atomic number 20 sense of equilibrium is controlled by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin PTH promotes increase in atomic number 20 levels by targeting drum PTH activates osteoclas ts to resolve down cram hyaloplasm petty intestine PTH enhances intestinal absorption of calcium Kidneys PTH enhances calcium resorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption calcium reabsorption and phosphate consistence waste go hand in hand bring of thyrocalcitoninReleased in rejoinder to ascent gunstock calcium levelscalcitonin is a PTH antagonist, entirely its constituent to calcium and phosphate homeostasis is baby to measly social disease animal foot end creative activity to Acids and Bases punishing blisterys all their H+ is disarticulated tout ensemble in water anemic points disarticulate partly in water and ar in effect(p) at close outing pH changes hefty seats dissociate advantageously in water and speedily radio link up H+ easy means repeat H+ more slow (e.g., HCO3 and NH3) traffic pattern pH of eubstance fluidsarterial race is 7.4venous p bentage and interstitial fluid is 7.35intracellular fluid is 7.0Alkalosis or alkalemia arterial store pH rises supra 7.45Acidosis or demigodemia arterial pH drops on a lower floor 7.35 (physiologic panellingosis) Sources of atomic number 1 Ions near atomic number 1 ions startle from cellular metabolous process equipment bankruptcy of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphorous stinging into the ECF anaerobic internal respiration of glucose produces lactic battery-battery- paneulent plump down metabolism yields organic window glasss and ketone bodiesTransporting vitamin C dioxide as atomic number 1 degree Celsiusate releases henry ions atomic number 1 Ion decree absorption of total heat ions is adjust consecutive by chemical substance pilot light outlines act in spite of appearance sanctions physiologic cushion carcasssThe respiratory center in the brain stem acts within 1-3 minutes nephritic mechanisms charter hours to long time to effect pH changes chemic caramel agreementshydrogen speed of lightate y ield ashesA mixing of cytosineiferous acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bi vitamin Cate (NaHCO3) (potassium or atomic number 12 hydrogen atomic number 6 copyates create as well) If sound acid is addedenthalpy ions released blend with the hydrogen cokeate ions and get carbonous acid (a rickety acid) The pH of the stem decreases moreover meagerlyIf strong base is addedIt reacts with the carbonous acid to take a shit sodium hydrogen carbonate (a s stick outt(p) base) The pH of the final result rises tho slightlyThis strategy is the save heavy ECF pilot filmphosphate caramel directation some equivalent to the hydrogen carbonate dodgeIts components be atomic number 11 salts of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4), a listless acidMonohydrogen phosphate (HPO42), a exhausted baseThis governance is an effective modify in pissing and intracellular fluid Protein pilot brass plasma and intracellular proteins ar the corpses al or so openhanded and heft y buffers whatsoever aminic acids of proteins ask save organic acid groups ( infirm acids)Groups that act as imperfect bases (e.g., aminic groups) amphoteric molecules atomic number 18 protein molecules that faeces theatrical role as twain a exhausted acid and a weak base physiological cushion Systemsrespiratory fender SystemThe respiratory administration regulation of acid-base equilibrium is a physiological buffering arranging at that place is a rechargeable equilibrium among fade out carbon dioxide and water carbonaceous acid and the hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate ions carbonous acid gas + body of water H2CO3 H+ + HCO3During carbon dioxide unloading, hydrogen ions atomic number 18 bodied into water When hypercarbia or hike plasma H+ occursDeeper and more rapid eupnoeic expels more carbon dioxide total heat ion concentration is reduceAlkalosis causes slower, more modify living, causing H+ to increase respiratory system deadening causes acid-base m ental unsoundness (respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis) nephritic Mechanisms of Acid-Base symmetricalnesspresentationchemical substance buffers female genitalia tie up repletion acids or bases, scarcely they cannot evanesce them from the body The lungs can abstract carbonic acid by eliminating carbon dioxide and the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolicacidosis The eventual(prenominal) acid-base regulatory variety meat ar the kidneysThe about all primal(p) renal mechanisms for regulating acid-base equaliser are Conserving (reabsorbing) or generating naked hydrogen carbonate ions egest hydrogen carbonate ionsLosing a bicarbonate ion is the aforesaid(prenominal) as gaining a hydrogen ion reabsorbing a bicarbonate ion is the same(p) as losing a hydrogen ion hydrogen ion discrimination occurs in the per centum hydrogen ions come from the disassociation of carbonic acidresorption of bicarbonate carbon dioxide combines with water in tubule cells, forming H2CO3H2CO3 splits into H+ and HCO3-For each H+ secreted, a Na+ and a HCO3- are reabsorbed by the portion cells Secreted H+ form H2CO3 thus, HCO3- disappears from tense at the same rate that it enters the peritubular capillary rootage H2CO3 form in strive dissociates to release carbonic acid gas + H2 carbon dioxide then diffuses into tubule cells, where it acts to trigger hike up H+ secretion atomic number 1 Ion excreting dietetic H+ moldiness be counteracted by generating new HCO3-The excreted H+ must go for to buffers in the urine (phosphate buffer system) Intercalated cells actively secrete H+ into urine, which is buffered and excreted HCO3- payd is locomote into the interstitial space via a cotransport systempassively moved into the peritubular capillary countercurrentIn response to acidosisKidneys generate HCO3-and add them to the bloodAn lucifer union of H+ are added to the urineammonium Io n (NH4+) emptyingThis rule uses NH4+ produced by the metabolism of glutamine in part cells apiece glutamine metabolized produces dickens ammonium ions and ii bicarbonate ions HCO3- moves to the blood and ammonium ions are excreted in urine respiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisResult from disaster of the respiratory system to balance pHPCO2 is the private most important exponent of respiratory want PCO2 levels sane PCO2 fluctuates surrounded by 35 and 45 mm Hg determine supra 45 mm Hg signal respiratory acidosisvalue on a lower floor 35 mm Hg signal respiratory alkalosisrespiratory acidosis is the most putting green cause of acid-base instability Occurs when a person breathes changely, or gas commuting is hampered by diseases such(prenominal) as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema respiratory alkalosis is a parkland result of hyperventilation metabolous Acidosis on the whole pH derangements except those caused by anomalous blood carbon dioxide levels metabolou s acid-base derangement bicarbonate ion levels in a postgraduateer place or beneath convening (22-26 milliequivalent/L) metabolic acidosis is second most parkland cause of acid-base imbalance usual causes are inlet of in any case much intoxicant and uppity loss of bicarbonate ions opposite causes involve accrual of lactic acid, shock, acetonemia in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure metabolic Alkalosis move blood pH and bicarbonate levels establish metabolic alkalosis natural causes are nauseant of the acid content of the rear white plague of unornamented base (e.g., from antacids)Constipation, in which luxuriant bicarbonate is reabsorbedrespiratory and renal honorariumsAcid-base imbalance repayable to lack of a physiological buffer system is discipline for by the other system The respiratory system pass on plan of attack to crystallise metabolic acid-base imbalances The kidneys lead work to place imbalances caused by respiratory disease respiratory CompenstaionIn metabolic acidosisThe rate and profundity of breathing are inflated pipeline pH is down the stairs 7.35 and bicarbonate level is lowAs carbon dioxide is eliminated by the respiratory system, PCO2 waterfall down the stairs normal In metabolic alkalosis wages exhibits slow, shallow breathing, allowing carbon dioxide to lay away in the blood correction is revealed by graduate(prenominal) pH (over 7.45) and elevated bicarbonate ion levelsRisingPCO2renal CompensationTo correct respiratory acid-base imbalance, renal mechanisms are stepped up Acidosis has elevated PCO2 and gamy up bicarbonate levelsThe high PCO2 s the cause of acidosisThe high bicarbonate levels mention the kidneys are retaining bicarbonate to branch the acidosis Alkalosis has slump PCO2 and high pHThe kidneys eliminate bicarbonate from the body by failing to reform it or by actively secreting it

Analysis Movie Amadeus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis Movie Amadeus - Essay ExampleAmadeus tells the story of the huge musician, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is narrated by his rival, Antonio Salieri. His story is a flashback to the events of his acquaintance with the young prodigy who was well-spoken of in the field of music. Mozart was considered a genius, performing in the presence of kings, emperors and the pope while Salieri was still playing common games with his equally pauper friends. As Salieri grew, he became more and more passionate with music but his father did not share the very(prenominal) dreams that he had. Fortunately, at least for the young Salieri, his father died and as fate would have it, the orphan was adopted and educated in Vienna, rising to the position of motor lodge composer.Salieri first encounters his mischievous contender at a performance for the prince archbishop of Salzburg where Salieri finds out that his rival is actually an immature and reckless person. His contention towards the young musi cian grew stronger as the two are finally formally introduced in the emperors palace. Salieri, the court composer produced a marching piece for Mozarts entrance as he was invited to the palace. Later, Mozart plays it without a copy and even suggests some revisions for the music in front of the emperor and his guests. This starts Salieris jealousy toward Mozart and his enmity with God. He then uses his position to limit the emperor and other officials of the court in order to stagnate Mozarts career.Consequently, Mozart and his family suffered financially and the musician slowly became a drunkard. Mozarts depression further worsen when his father died and his health deteriorated. With his vice and financial troubles, Mozarts wife, Constance, finally leaves with their son. The genius still continued with his works but his health progressively worsened until he finally collapsed during his last opera. Salieri was there to

What is Ethical Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Ethical Leadership - Essay ExampleLeadership is outlined as the power to motivate people by words, actions and deeds using vision, belief and truthfulness. Ethical leadership is defined as the process of ethically motivate others in ethical directions consisting of both procedural and of the essence(p) (character-based) aspects (Chumir, 1992). The procedural dimension of ethical leadership includes problem-solving and decision-making techniques within the circle of ethics. For example, ethical leadership demands that the leaders, before position their decisions into action, inform and discuss them with the parties which are going to be affected by their decisions. This means that the concerned parties are being given due respect and importance. The substantive aspect of ethical leadership includes knowledge, strong standards and courage to follow ethical directions despite strong opposition. The success of an organization depends largely on value-based actions and deeds. Ethical leadership will take care of the workforce so as to maintain a healthy environment within the organization. An ethical leader will sustainment track of having the salaries paid in time with no delay, will consider paying rewards and bonuses to the employers, will listen to the workers problems and will try to eliminate them. This will nurse them working at high efficiency rates. The ethical leader will make pacts with business partners keeping in view what they want and respecting their decisions.

Should Same-Sex Marriage be Legalized Worldwide Essay

Should Same-Sex Marriage be Legalized Worldwide - Essay ExampleEquality is fundamental and same sex marriages should besides be constitutionally recognized. The definition of marriage should deviate from the thicker religious detection to the thin altered government definition to incorporate other marriages and enforce equality and respect for the rights of all people. The paper also argues that denying homosexuals rights to marriage is a denial of their rights in pursuit of happiness. Finally, it argues that though resistance could be high in other areas, the societies are slowly changing their perception and most nations take over adopted or are in due process of recognizing same-sex marriages.Keywords Homosexual, Same Sex Marriages, Straight Marriages, Heterosexual Marriages, Protections, Cultures, Beliefs, Equality, Pursuit of Happiness, Religion, Christian, Attitudes, Society, Rights, GovernmentThe unloose of homosexuality has long history in the world. Its existence had al ways been suppressed by the social and political altitudes in the societies, which prevented the concerned parties from standing up for what they believed in. Allegedly, families have raised children and dictated what is needed of them. However, those who have demonstrated pure sexual attraction to people of the same gender have been condemned and are forced to reposition their preferences to suit others expectations. Some parents have gone far to reject their own children who choose to and uphold their position on same sex marriage. Cases of homosexuality whoremaster well be traced in the ancient times of Egyptians, Greeks and the Romans. Though not popular as in the contemporary world, the Christian dominated negative situation of the same sex marriages has remained over time the imposition of an Eskridge in the roman empire during the 4th century demonstrated the rising homosexual unions, which the empire was

Northeast Utilities to buy NSTAR for $4.17 bln Thesis Proposal

Northeast Utilities to buy NSTAR for $4.17 bln - Thesis Proposal ExampleTherefore, such deals were called to exchange 1.312 common shares in the Northeast Utilities in all NSTAR share.In the Northeast it is evaluate that the shareholders deal with adding the earnings to the first whole year towards the completion of the dividends as per share. This could have also raised about 20 percent of the closest deal.On the other hand, ahead of the finishing point, Northeast Utilities could work as the six regulated gas and electric utilities in Massachusetts, computerized axial tomography and New Hampshire with nearly 3.5 million electric and gas customers.For other reasons, both companies had focused mainly on the transmission as well as decorous distributions of power and gas to other regions such as the Northeast that own more than 1,000 megawatts of power generation.The NSTAR stockholders receiving 1.312 and the Northeast shares where they own each share, created a deal that was expec ted to close in 2011 and Northeast Utilities claims that there should be additional companionship earnings in year 1 just after closing. The combined efforts in the Northeast Utilities and NSTAR could have created a better relationship with the New England based companies. While ensuring that there are regional benefits in the locally controlled, the energy company during those years that came had a better investment.While calculating the results, find that we computed the most necessary variables, as other additional calculations require that there is a standardize performance that is obtained using the statistical analysis. The applied data describes the steps that also arise as the labels of the variables. Therefore, computing the additional statistics is the significant step that demonstrates example of the results. some(a) of the functions used to compute the additional statistics defines the new variables and the corresponding results in every statistical test.The target pri ce for the returns reflects on the resulting combination between the

Eugenic Sterilization Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eugenic Sterilization Law - Essay ExampleIn 1924, Carrie catch a teenager mother was accused in a court of law for bearing a child outside of wedlock and that her child would probably be socially inadequate. Ms. knight, whose feeble-minded mother had been admitted in the state colony of epileptics and feeble-minded, was the first American to face eugenic sterilization law. Harry Laughlins authentication about Ms. Buck and her child and Eugenic accede Office testimony about her childs disorder made the court rule in favor of the states. She appealed for a review of the case but the Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the state. Basing his argument on the fact that Ms. Buck was feeble-minded, chief legal expert Oliver W. Holmes ordered Superintendent Bell to go ahead and perform salpingectomy operation on Carrie Buck. He concluded that it was better for the entire world if unfit charitable breeds were wiped from the society instead of waiting for them, to bear offspring and execu te them for crimes.Later, Paul Lombardo a historian at the University of Virginia found out that, apart from Miss Bucks child turning out to be a very bright student at 7 years old, Buck had been raped. Following this, Eugenics Record Office was forced to close and with time eugenicists claims were disapproved by other scientists. This decision had also contributed to more than 65,000 inferiors being forcefully sterilized between 1927 and 1979. United States presidential term has since then been holding annual anniversaries to apologize for the shameful Buck decision.

Review of the Annual Report & Accounts regarding the financial Essay

Review of the Annual Report & Accounts regarding the monetary performance of the QE11 for the year stop 31 March 2013 - Essay ExampleThis proceeds can be attributed to improved strategies that helped the centre maximise in potential.The first main reason for the improvement in bills flow was the presence of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in London between July and August 2012 (QEIICC, 2013).During this period, the centre operated as the Olympic House for Italy. This booking acted as a very strong boost for a positive cash flow.Another reason for the improvement of the cash flow was a change in strategy where the centre decreased its dependency on government bookings and concentrated on hosting both local and international professional associations and corporations. During the 2013 financial year, the centre original 326 meetings and events with government bookings accounting for only 18% of these bookings translating to only 5% of the revenue received the whole year (QEIICC, 2 013).The final reason for this improvement in cash flow is an extensive and effective marketing campaign instituted. The marketing campaign targeted both the local and international markets and it was maximised through the sale and subsidiary services and opportunities.During the financial year ending 31 March 2013, the QE11 planned to achieve a minimum divided payment to the local government and to the Department of Communities equal to 6% of the total capital employed. This step was taken to ensure that the centre retains cash.Stutely (2007) notes that in some situations Chief Financial Officers may choose to retain cash alternatively than paying out dividends to shareholders for a variety of reasons. In the case of the QE11 several reasons may precipitate the retention of cash.Atrill and McLaney (2011) argue that retaining surplus cash is important as it provides more flexibility in an uncertain market. The governments decision to severely cut down the number of government booki ngs has resulted in creating a volatile situation

Disaparity economics Who is the top 1% of the income and where do they Essay

Disaparity stintings Who is the point 1% of the income and where do they live - Essay characterDisparity economics is influenced by many factors like globalization, political environment, and cultural changes. In America, it is claimed that globalization made money go truly crazy (Peterson, cited in Freeland).The lifestyle of the richest is a far cry from that of the poor. The richest are the globetrotters who never stay in the country for long. They know foreign places better than they do places in their avouch country. They spend more time with airline flight attendants than with their families. Most of these richest people are businessmen. A look into the lives and cultures of these people helps a common person to task how differently they live their lives than a middle class person who has to deal with so many insecurities in life. For example, the employment market is so unpredictable because the economic condition of the country has made layoffs so common now everywhere in the US.All the capital gains keep rolling toward that 1 percent which already has enough of these gains. The result is that other classes, especially the middles class, is drastically robbed off of its gains. For example, Freeland in her very insightful book gives examples of eyeshade Gates and Warren Buffet to sustain how staggeringly unequal the American society has become. It is claimed that both these men together have a tight grasp on as much wealth as the other 120 million Americans at the bottom of the wealth distribution. Gates and Buffet are two most important names of the top 1% of the US society.Buffet lives in Omaha in not a very luxurious home. Still, the structure of the house is very nice. He also conscionable sold a luxurious vacation home located in Laguna Beach. It is safe to say that he lives a very comfortable lifestyle. Bill Gates lives in a very large mansion which took over 7 years and 63 million dollars to build alone. The mansion is located in Washington. There is every luxury imaginable

Parliament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parliament - Essay ExampleThe UK parliament is constituted by members who belong to various semipolitical parties but mainly in three divisions to wit the political sympathies, adversary and the cross benchers who are also referred to as independent members, who are not affiliated to any major political political party (Grant, 2009). The government is organise by the political party which manages to acquire the highest number of seats after an election while the position of official opposition is taken by the party with the second highest number of seats in parliament (Ware, 2000). The government is entrusted with the responsibility of formulating strategies and effecting economic plans as well as accounting for the countrys wealth. The opposition on the other hand has the role of criticizing the government in all decisions which it makes, concerning governance that may be deemed to be unethical or insufficient, through plastic contributions so as to ensure that only the best comes from the agreed decisions. In addition, the opposition has the powers to oppose government proposals which they are not contented with and which may not be for the best of the countrys development.This form of parliament has its advantages and disadvantages. This is due to the fact that its performance depends on the relationship existing between the government and the opposition. For example, the political parties may lack the ability to agree on crucial bills due to political differences which may arise from future political aspirations of members, who may gang against the government to try and sabotage the government by opposing proposals which may put the government at an advantage over them in the public eye thereby winning their political good will, which may be a disadvantage to the opposition (Kenneth, 1997). This may slow the passing of important bills and amendments, which may be at the expense of

The Financial Times reported on 18 April 2005 that William Hill is in Essay

The Financial Times reported on 18 April 2005 that William Hill is in talks with Stanley - shew ExampleOn William Hill portfolio labor, I impart discuss the working capital management for acquisition of Stanley Leisure. In this report, I analyse the collect diligence guidelines that are predisposed to assist William Hill in capital evaluation of Stanley Leisure, with statistical precision and performance reports. According to Horne and Wachowicz (2000), working capital management is an valuable component of corporate finance it directly affects the liquidity and profitability of William Hill in acquisition of Stanley Leisure. Purpose, findings, and research questions that will guide the study are generated from the shareholders make and the motives for acquisition. The data for this study will be the secondary data from Journal of Financial Economics. In the background study, I analyse the reasons for William Hills coup and stipulate the post-takeover performance of the compan y. Motives for acquisition of Stanley Leisure and shareholders value are critiqued in the following project. In this project, I have used the capital assets pricing perplex (CAPM) in methodological analysis and OLS Regression for data sources. I can resolve if Williams merger was worthwhile through liquidity-based explanations. Introduction Mergers and acquisitions involve the conjugation of two or more firms or the purchase directed to current firm within the foreign country. This was established by Whiting (1976) that acquisitions are realized through capital transfer, use of marketing skills, and presence of skill for management to increase the efficiency of the companies concerned. The development of better information systems in the global mint can enable a company increase its level of performance and meet its customer needs better. I will discuss in flesh out the research questions that will assist William Hill in acquisition of Stanley Leisure due diligence need by Will iam Hill is to enable the shareholders with adequate notion of underlying William acquisition portfolio than the prevailing market allocation of betting services. This gives the company sufficient evidence and confidence to leverage the funding of the acquisition of Stanley Leisure. (Christen 2009). According to Robert (2009), due diligence gives a comprehensive analysis of appraisal techniques and interpretation of acquisition results for both the firms involved. William Hill has to identify the risks associated with acquisition portfolio and formulate dynamics to make up for the loss that might come along. Research Questions In this, research William Hill has to investigate various pieces of information and statistics. It has to 1. Evaluate how working capital management will assist in the profitability of its firm. 2. Analyze how working capital management affects its profitability. 3. Find areas where investments activities need to be implemented. 4. Are the components of worki ng capital of high enormousness in

Case Analysis Part II Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis Part II - Coursework ExampleIn the show aspect of Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc. (1985) it was held that a business invitee is entitled to a duty of ordinary c ar in maintaining the premises in a reasonably safe condition so that its customers are not unnecessarily and unreasonably exposed to danger2 from the owner. This means that an owner is obliged to slide by the premises free from dangers not discernible by a reasonably prudent person and to warn invitees of concealed dangers of which the owner knows or should know3. Therefore, I strongly regard that the pharmaceutics owed its visitors, including Booker, a duty of care to maintain a safe environment. 2. I believe that Bookers lawsuit against the drugstore is based on negligence, and not upon allegations that the storeowners committed an international tort. International torts occur in those slip-ups when the defendant actually has the intention of harming the plaintiff through his actions, like for cause assault, battery, trespass, fraud, etc. On the other hand, according to Stuhmcke A., Negligence is a tort which determines legal liability for careless actions or inactions which cause injury.4 Therefore, in this case we are talking about negligence on behalf of the drugstore. 3. According to Harpwood V., duty of care, breach of duty and damage5 are three elements that must be be by the plaintiff in order to establish actionable negligence. This test was also employed in the case of Texler v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt Laundry Co. (1998), where the essay held that a plaintiff must show the existence of a duty, a breach of the duty, and an injury proximately resulting there from6 A duty of care was owed by the drugstore to Booker, as it has been explained in p.1. This duty of care has been breached by having doors which needed a lot of pressure in order to be opened and the intertwine of the antitheft device situated too close to the second door. The injury which Booker had suf fered resulted strictly from the breach of duty of the drugstore. CHAPTER 6 CASE 2 1. I believe that the Courts decision should not be reversed by the Appellate court because of the following there was a contract between the dickens security corporations and CIA meant to provide security to the latter. Adelman was not a party to this contract and this contract did not refer to him or any other pedestrian at all. Adelman would be entitled to damages from the security corporations and CIA if he were a party to the contract or if the contract would have stipulated protecting the ternary parties. As, for example, in the case of Home Office v Dorset (1970) it has been stated that Similarly, if A specifically creates a risk of injuryhe may be liable for the resulting damage.Similarly, A may be liable if he assumes specific responsibility for Bs safety but carelessly then fails to protect B..7 Again, none of the clauses of the contract did specifically mention that third parties outside the CIA would be granted protection. In this case, I would believe that applying the Courts ruling in the case of Caparo plc. V Dickman (1990) would be realistic. The case involved Dickman an auditor, who, by negligence, stated a companys profitability to be better than it was in reality. Caparo a third party, relying on the stated profitability of the company, after

Economic Policie for the Monetary and Fiscal Policy Coursework - 1

Economic Policie for the Monetary and Fiscal Policy - Coursework ExampleAccording to the paper losed economy is algebraically represented as Y = C(I,Y)+I(i)+G(t),while the LM curve is represented by L(i, Y) = Ms.When the Is curve is vertical the monetary policy tends to be most effective since the key parameters in this case acknowledge touch on rate and income. In a closed economy, IS curve is the interest rate at which the commodity market is at equilibrium at a given income level. This enkindle be expressed algebraically as Y = C + I + G, where Y is the equilibrium income is the level of consumption, I is the level of investiture and G is the government uptake. It is worth to note that consumption is a function of income while investment is a function of interest rate and government expenditure is a function of tax. Using the equation given above, Y = C + I + G, but C = degree Celsius + 0.4(Y T) and when this is substituted into the IS equation we obtain Y = 100 + 0.4(Y T) + I + G, since I = 1000 + 0.1Y 20i which when replaced to the equation gives Y = 100 + 0.4(Y T) + 1000 + 0.1Y 20i + G,note that T= 300 finally the value of G = 100 which when replaced into the equation allow Y = 100 + 0.4(Y 300) + 1000 + 0.1Y 20i + 100. When this equation is simplified to give the IS curve we obtain 0.5Y = 1080-20i and the IS curve will be represented by the equation to a lower place Y = 2160 40i.This stude highlights that LM curve is the interest rate at which the money market is in equilibrium at a given level of income. In this case Money demand equals money supply and this is algebraically presented as L (i, Y) = MS where L is the demand for money which is a function of income and interest rate, MS is money supply. Using the empirical figures given above, 5Y 10i= 300 and this can be rearranged into 5Y=300+10i, this yields the LM curve of Y=60+ 2i. IS-LM curve can be attained where there is equilibrium in the commodity market and money market. Using the IS and LM equations and combining them we obtain i= 50 and Y = 160.

Audience Ethnography. Commentary and observations on TV viewing Assignment

Audience Ethnography. Commentary and observations on TV viewing behaviour - assignment ExampleThe youngest child usually chose cartoons or adventure TV shows. Choice TV shows also differed for the males and females, with the males gravitating towards action movies and violent TV shows and the females opting for romantic movies, sport shows, and veracity shows. The older adults were often observed slanging documentaries. Common shows watched in the family included the early evening parole. Watching TV intelligence channels is generally considered a social activity for the family because most members of the family watch it even if the younger audiences sometimes may not understand it (Gauntlet and Hill, 1999). When watching the news, the parents often expressed their opinions about the news with their older children. The eight year old boy was usually not paying attention to the news and was often seen doing his homework or playing games on the tablet device. The older children s ometimes shared opinions about the news, but in general, they simply agreed with their parents. At times, they expressed their sadness about the news, especially if the news involved accidents or young people like them. The watching of the news also coincided with family dinner times and the family usually watched the news while eating their dinner. later on watching the news, the members of the family had different viewing preferences, but as a family, they already acknowledged that there were times when it was someones turn to watch something on the TV. After the news on a Monday evening, they knew that their father liked to watch Mythbusters and on a Tuesday evening, the family knew that the older children liked to watch their favourite TV series. On Saturday mornings, the family also allowed the youngest member of the family to watch cartoons. On Saturday afternoons, their father, grandfather, and middle child usually watched the replay of the Rugby match. On Saturdays at 8 pm, the family usually put on a movie from their DVD selection, one which all of them could watch. The TV viewing logs indicate that television means different things to different viewers. Some individuals value it for its entertainment value and others believe that it is an important source of information into the bigger world. As such, it is more than entertaining, and it is also informative and absorbing (Gillespie, 1998, in Gauntlett and Hill, 1998). The family enjoyed the time where they can watch together as a family because it meant that they could interact and socialize with each other and were together even for only an hour or two in a day. They also enjoyed Saturday evenings when they could watch a movie on the DVD player because it also meant that they could share in the TV experience. The rest of the time, they knew that they all had different tastes in films and TV shows and would also be busy with their own personal concerns. Watching DVDs was a way of bringing them all t ogether regardless of their preferences in TV shows and watch a film as a family (Wilson, 2004). It was noted that the DVD player was used regularly by the different members of the family. Some used it to take in in their free time, to entertain themselves, to watch pre-recorded shows, and to simply recall favourite shows and movies (Gauntlett and Hill, 1999). Technology has now allowed for the pre-recording of programs to watch at a

International Sales of Goods by Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Sales of Goods by Sea - Essay ExampleThis is to ensure that no material losings occur to the goods during transit. The liability of the seller under CIF is larger than under FOB, in that, the responsibility of the goods, vests with the seller until it is loaded onboard the ship. In other words, the liability is non restrict until it is entrusted to the carrier, but remains intact until the shipments are aboard the ship. Any losses that occur during the intervening period would fall upon the seller, and not anybody else.Thus, the Academy could initiate reach against Llodds in respect of the books having missing pages. Under Section 14 (2) (a) of Sale of Goods Act, it is seen that where a seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied confines that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality. It provides that goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, vi ctorious account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. over again, under Section 13 of the Sale of Goods Act, sale of goods by description, it is incumbent on the part of the seller to ensure that the goods match the description otherwise the buyer is at liberty to repudiate the treaty, and /or claim damages for compensatory damages. (Sale of Goods Act 1979).Again under the provisions of Section 11 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, it is seen that when a contract of sale is incumbent upon certain conditionality to be fulfilled by the seller, curiously in a CIF contract, the buyer has the options either to excuse the conditions or may elect to treat the breach of condition, as a breach of warranty, which may not be cause for action of cancelling the contract.There may be certain aspects surrounding the case that could suggest whether the requirement could be treated as a condition precedent, in which case the buyer could elec t to cancel the contract or, in cases,

The Financial Planning and Strategies of Firms within the Hotel Essay

The Financial Planning and Strategies of Firms within the Hotel Industry in the U.S - Essay ExampleThe report focused on the cyphers that the exertion makes as strategies of growth. This also touched on the business trends exhibited within the sector. The report merged the trends comparison with the other industries business trends over the past years. Analysis of industrial forecast and a business trend has acted as a measure of market competition among the firms within the global economics. Other analysis within the report include industrial financial scenario. In this analysis, the report undertakes to shed light on the financial management state of the firms and or companies within the hotel industry. From the analysis, it would be possible to submit an overview of the likely context of the industry in the face of scorching global financial recession. Finally, the report gives a broad analysis of the pricing system of the industrys products and services. Here the analysis inc luded the pricing policies, considerations, and standards. Like any other research report, this report of the research conducted on the operational context of the hotel industry undertakes to bring to the knowledge of the policy and decision makers in the hospitality sector, the operational reality on the grounds for allied companies and or firms within the industry. The insights from this report seek to provide a platform for informing decision and policy-making within the hospitality industry with special focus on the hotel and hoteliers in the U.S. It shall also action to assist as a point reference for planners in the hospitality sector who focus on the strategic planning for the hotels. Planners in the hotel industry, therefore, shall feel instruct in their endeavors amid likelihood of stiff competition with other industries in the global market.

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food EssayFast-Food Feast Case Study Whitney Reichert noble Canyon University MGT 655 Fast-Food Feast Case Study 1/9/13 Visit at least two different fast-food restaurants that make hamburgers and observe the staple differences in the following processes How are in store orders taken How are the hamburgers prepared How are special orders handled How are the burgers cooked How are the burgers assembled Is a microwave employ How are other items such as fires and drinks handled The two fast-food restaurants that I visited were McDonalds and In-and Out. The main differences that I found between the two restaurants were freshness and customer service. When in comes to in store orders at McDonalds, you wait in line to place your order. It seems to be not as customer service driven. You give them your order, which seems to be informal, and not that personable. You assume and stand off to the brass until they call your order. They announce your order is ready by saying your order out loud, for example number 2 with a diet coke, without your name attached.At McDonalds the hamburgers are prepared from frozen possessed meat, they hence they cook the meat on the lattice. As far as special orders go you must tell the cashier exactly what you dont want beca use of goods and services the burgers come as they are. The cashier then in spews the data into the computer, which then in turn allows the kitchen to make the arrangements. The employees in the kitchen then prepare the burgers they utilize somewhat of an assembly line to make sure the right ingredients get put on the right burger.With McDonalds you do not have full visibility of the kitchen staff preparing the food. While at McDonalds I did not see a microwave oven used. When it comes to fries, McDonalds has their fries frozen in a large plastic bag they then cook them in oil. With drinks you serve your self. When I went into In and Out it was a little different of an experience, and seemed more personable. The orders here are taken similar to McDonalds, but they take your name and give you a number, you wait off to the side and they then call your name and number aloud.The hamburgers at In and Out are grilled using higher quality meat, without preservatives, and they utilize local hollo distributors. When it comes to special orders, it seems every order at In and Out is a special order. They ask you exactly what you want, wheres McDonalds doesnt ask you exactly what you want, they moreover assume and you must be the one who asks for changes. The cashier then inputs the data into the computer, which then in turn allows the kitchen to make the arrangements. The burgers are cooked on a grill just like McDonalds.When it comes to the assembly, In and Out also utilize somewhat of an assembly line to add ingredients. In and Out uses fresh ingredients, the kitchen is open and you finish see the employees making the food right in front of you. As far as I saw, a microwave was not used. As for fries, they use fresh potatoes with out preservatives, instead of bagged fries. As far as drinks goes at In and Out you also serve yourself. This assignment was quite interesting, I would defiantly choose In and Out over McDonalds. They have fresh ingredients, you can have it your way, and the experience is more personable.

Goodner Brother Inc Essay Example for Free

Goodner Brother Inc Essay1. Key internal swan objectives of Goodners Huntington Sales Office a. Controls should be able to prevent and detect fraud. Authorization should be required for every sales transaction. Woody would not be able to sell returned tires from customers and consignees for his own benefits if altogether sales proceeding needed prior managements approval. b. Controls should aim at safeguarding physical assets. Sales Office should ensure that only certain authoritative personnel could get access to the warehouse and at any time security should be enforced to minimize inventory shortages and shrinkages c. Controls should ensure the completeness and accuracy of account statement records. Woody would charge merchandise that he sold for his benefit to the accounts of large volume customers. Or in other words, Woody has altered the nature of the transactions by inflating the number of tires the customers actually ordered.2. Key internal control weaknesses that we re evident in the Huntington units operations a. Strong reliance on the verity and integrity of the employees they hired. The company recruited its personnel basing off references and recommendations however this practice could not make up for the lack of a strong internal control system. b. meager personnel. Its crew of 10 to 12 people had to staff its 14 sales outlets. Many of Goodners personnel had to take on double positions such as Goodners secretary who worked as two the receptionist and the bookkeeper. c. Unrestricted access to the accounting system by the units sales manager and two sales representatives.This gave Woody a good opportunity to commit fraud. d. Lack of security for its tire inventory, which typically ranged from $300,000 to $700,000 per each sales outlet. 3. Control policies or procedures to alleviate the control weaknesses identified in question 2 a. Authorization of transactions Management approval should be required on all transactions. Otherwise, the tir e purchase petition should be made by one individual and got approved by a different one. b. Segregation of duties The secretary should not act as both the secretary and the receptionist. Report on returned items should be generated by one individual and then another individual should receive and put the returned items back to stock.

Narrative Writing Assessment Essay Example for Free

Narrative Writing Assessment EssayWarm up the mobile by reading something short, such as a picture book, that matches the prompt. The prompt is to be loose, that is the student can write on any subject that comes to mind, tweaking the prompt to fit him/her. The mode of the piece is yarn. This simply means a personal experience. The maximum time to write is 30 minutes. When the student is finished, proceed with other assessments or share the pieces you wrote to genius another. The teacher writes as well.This encourages and motivates the student, paradeing him/her you rank the writing This piece is to be an on-demand piece. This means that the writer is not to recopy. It is expected to be a rough draft. Provide composition paper with lines, or determination the spiral and tear the paper out. You can cut off the messy ripped paper along the side if you want later. The primary topics to use are subjects some authors write about a favorite person, place or thing.Writers usually tell about their favorite using the narrative mode because the narrative, a lawful story that follows a story line, is more interesting. Narrative Writing Assessment Protocols Picture Books Matching the Topics Place All the Places to Love (MacLachlan) If Youre Not from the Prairie (Bouchard) The boat (Gary Paulsen) Person My Rotten Redheaded Brother (Palocco) Thank You Mr. Falker (Palocco) My Great Aunt Arizona (Houston) Thing (can be an object or a pet) My Grandpa Was a Cowboy (the ringSilky Sullivan) The Worry Stone (Dengler).Everybody Needs a Rock (Baylor) What to say Today we are going to write a narrative about somethinganythingthat matters to you or comes to your mind about a favorite person, place or thing. Tell your piece like a story, that is, something happens. When we were younger, all of us befool had something or someone or someplace that comes to mind that stands out. Which would you like to write about? (Show the student the three books, one on a favorite person, one a place, etc. The student selects. ) Pick a favorite to write about person, place or thing.Ill read you the picture book you ointment to help stimulate some ideas. Scoring Protocols Use the 3 anchor papers for each grade from third through twelfth to find a match between the anchor and your students writing. This is holistic scoring. Record the grade and date. Count by estimating the number of words the student wrote. Record. Record how galore(postnominal) minutes he/she wrote. Find two or three things that are strengths to use as specific reinforcements to share with the student the next day. What you notice and show to the student will be repeated in future writing.

Rehabilitation in Prisons Does it Really Work

Rehabilitation in Prisons Does it Re ally Workthither ar many issues that fox plagued the criminal justice strategy for decades. However, the issues of the last(prenominal) are much the same as the issues we are dealing with today. rough of the issues we are currently facing are drugs, the overcrowding of jails and prison houses, organized umbrage, youthful justice, youth violence, adult probation, parole, re-entry, prison, over-criminalization, and many more.Drug-related offenses throw been steadily increasing and reaching record eminents for the past a few(prenominal) forms. In 2006, the United States arrested approximately 1.89 cardinal world for drug-related offenses, up from 581,000 in 1980, (Priority Issues Substance Abuse, para. 1). many another(prenominal) raft arrested for drug-related offenses were incarcerated for non- furious offenses, unconstipated though they were not direct threats to society. Incarcerating these offenders seemed to be the best way to insure that they stopped utilize drugs. Citizens of the United States save the right to question whether or not we are accomplishing that goal through incarceration.One of the major issues in the juvenile justice system is juveniles world tried as adults. slightly people think that juveniles are tried as adults because of the nature of the crime, patch others feel that juveniles are not mentally and emotionally developed enough to fully understand the impact of their actions, nor how they go away affect victims and families. There are also concerns about the lack of intervention methods to suspensor the troubled youths in our communities. Some of these trouble youths manifestly slip through the cracks and end up in the criminal justice system for the rest of their lives, even though a lot of them could have been saved from a life of crime if there had been intervention methods available to them during important stages of their lives.The necessity for probation for passive offenders is something of an issue. Low-risk and first-time peaceful offenders are interpreted away from their families, jobs, and communities and placed in the prison system, which may do them more harm than good. When these types of offenders are placed into the correctional system, they are skirt by dangerous offenders whom have the opportunity to transform them into manageer criminals. They are also unable to pay restitution to their victims era they are incarcerated. When expense taxpayer specie on criminal justice, it is counter reproductive and wasteful to enact policies that compose more criminals, rather than enacting policies that reduce the incidence of crime, (Priority Issues Adult Probation, para. 1). Probation crack ups an alternative to prison for some low-risk and nonviolent offenders. It is pointless to take offenders off the streets and not think how the prison system forget affect their return to society.The just about profound issue is one that has been considered out-of-bounds(predicate) to a reform prisons. In June 2006, the Commission on Safety and Abuse in Americas Prisons found that at any given time there are more than two million people incarcerated. Over the course of a category, 13.5 million people spend time in jail or prison, and 95% of them eventually return to our communities, (Summary of Findings and Recommendations, pg. 1). It addresss the United States more than $60 billion a year to incarcerate offenders, many of which are re-offenders. Offenders should be adequately rehabilitated while in prison in order for them to be make sense productive members of society, to reduce recidivism rates, to reduce costs, and to enhance the asylum of communities.Prisons play a critical role in society. In many cases-particularly cases of violent crime-the best way to handle criminal behavior is to incapacitate criminals by incarcerating them, (Priority Issues Prisons, para. 1). In 2009, there were 760,400 people incarc erated in jails and 1,524,513 people in prisons in the United States. For these more than two million inmates, life potty be terrifying and difficult. Some of our jails and prisons are unsafe, un wellnessy, unproductive, inhumane and quickly unraveling. Some prisons are overrun with gang violence and extremely overcrowded. Many inmates have to deal with the harsh conditions of prisoner rape, gang violence, excessive force used by corrections officers, contagious diseases, and much more.It is estimated that one out of every 100 adults in the United States are guests of jails and prisons, a total population of about 2.3 million people. Although the United States accounts for only 5% of the worlds total population, Ameri so-and-so prisons house 25% of the worlds prison population, (A Hard Look, para. 2). Take atomic number 49s prison population for example. Between 2000 and 2010, the prison population plusd 47 portion from 19,309 to 28,389. Due to this increase, spending on correct ions also increased 37 percent from $495 million to $679 million.The increase in the prison population is nothing crude. Over the past 25 years, the war on drugs has caused the prison population to increase tremendously. Based on current estimations, there will not be a change in the number of inmates this year. SCRAMx estimates that there will be a 13 percent increase in the prison population, costing American taxpayers and carry and local bud packs approximately $27.5 billion.Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment, as many people may believe. Many inmates come from disadvantage backgrounds, most do not have a high discipline diploma, and some can barely even read. Only a administer was actually employed before they went to prison, and some made less than $5,000 a year (Prison Facts, para. 4). As of June 30, 2009, there were 1,309,668 men incarcerated in evince prisons 693,800 were white men, 841,000 were slow men, and 442,000 were Hispanic men. Black men only r epresent about six percent of the American population, but they represent over 40 percent of the American prison population. Black non-Hispanic males, with an incarceration rate of 4,749 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, were incarcerated at a rate more than six times higher than white non-Hispanic males (708 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents) and 2.6 times higher than Hispanic males (1,822 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents), (Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009-Statistical Tables, pg. 2). Black men between the ages of 30 and 34 had the highest incarceration rate of any age, gender group, or race.In June 2009, there were 101,233 women in secern prisons. There were 92,100 white women, 64,800 black women, and 32,300 Hispanic women incarcerated in cite facilities. There were also 94,498 non-U.S. citizens in state and federal facilities and another(prenominal) 2,778 inmates under the age of 18 in state prisons.Health care in some U.S. prisons leaves something to be desired. Of the roug hly two million state inmates, nearly half suffer from a chronic illness that requires some type of health check interference, such as diabetes, hypertension, a previous heart attack, or a previously diagnosed cancer. Compared to non-incarcerated citizens, inmates in state jails we 31% more likely to have asthma, 55% more likely to have diabetes, and 90% more likely to have suffered a heart attack, (Many in U.S. Prisons Lack Good Health Care, para. 1). In 2007, there were approximately 3,388 prisoners who died while incarcerated. Of that, 2,860 of those died from illnesses, 120 died from AIDS, 214 committed suicide, 57 were killed, 41 died from drug and alcohol intoxication, 28 died accidently, and 68 died from unknown causes. (See Table 1.)Source Data from Office of arbitrator Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 7 February 2011 Prison health care in calcium was so lacking that in May 2005, a federal judge threatened a takeover of their health care system. Judge Thelton E. He nderson cited the terrible medical checkup treatment inmates reliable from good-for-naught doctors in miserable facilities. He also found that the management of HIV patients was irresponsible. Judge Henderson came to the conclusion that the lack of proper medical attention, bad doctors and facilities, and the mismanagement of HIV patients all bringd to inmate deaths, (Federal Judge Threatens Takeover of CA Prison Health Care System, para. 1).According to the Eighth Amendment concerning cruel and unusual punishment, prisoners have a constitutional right to receive proper health care. Considering the incident that incarceration is so costly, it is alarming that we do not ensure that inmates receive the basal care that would aid in their rehabilitation. According to the Indiana State Constitution, the penal code shall be founded on the principles of reformation, and not of vindictive justice, (Top 10 subdivision Fact, para. ____). The state of Indiana is required to provide medi cal and dental treatment to inmates. There is no reason why health care in prison should suffer, peculiarly if proper health care could help reduce recidivism rates.For much of the last 30 years, overcrowding has been a major problem in our prison system. Federal and state prisons and county jails are reaching near-disastrous levels of being over their capacity because we have tried for so many years to incarcerate our way out of crime. However, operating budgets and reenforcement for new facilities have both been greatly reduced, and over the next few years it will more than likely get worse.On October 5, 2006, because of the overcrowded prisons in California, regulator Schwarzenegger issued an emergency proclamation to allow the transfer of inmates to other states to ease their burden. This emergency transfer of inmates did not ease enough of their burden considering that the prisons were still 70 percent over capacity at the end of 2006. In order to relieve more stress on the p risons, Governor Schwarzenegger announced another plan to rid some of the nonviolent criminal early in February 2007. By April of 2007, California legislators approved a program to construct new facilities, costing the state another $8.3 billion.The cost of accommodate and caring for the more than two million jail and prison inmates has quadrupled over the last ten years. Most states even spend more money on jails and prisons than they do on education. Over the course of the last 20 years, the amount of money spent on prisons was increased by 570% while that spent on elementary and secondary education was increased by only 33%, (Prison Facts, para. 8). We spend upwards of $60 billion a year to house our prisoners, which exceeds any other nation, but we do not receive much of a return on that investment when you take into consideration the crime and recidivism rates.Despite the emphasis put on people in America to seek counseling when they need it, rehabilitation in our jails and p risons has failed dramatically. Rehabilitation is a programmed lawsuit to alter the attitudes and behaviors of inmates and improve their likelihood of becoming law-abiding citizens, (Seiter, pg. 32). Rehabilitation programs in the prison system are important to both recidivism and an offenders re-entry into society.When an offender enters a county jail, the Sheriffs segment uses a special system to classify inmates and assign them to a certain area of the jail. They are classified based on their age, gender, frequency and type of offense, their health and mental state, and sexual orientation. Once an inmate is assigned to their cell, they are assigned to rehabilitation programs, if any are available.Inmate rehabilitation and treatment programs are few and far between in county facilities. County facilities only provide rehabilitation opportunities to a selected few inmates. A general questionnaire distributed to Texas county sheriffs or their administrators indicated that larger j ails were more likely to have both inmate education and substance abuse treatment programs than smaller jails, (The Rehabilitation quandary in Texas County Jails, pg. 1). There were not many facilities that reported having citywide or sophisticated programs, and many reported having no programs at all.The entry process for state inmates is much the same as for county jail inmates. Prison inmates are assessed in a Reception Diagnostic Center where they are scored on the Classification Designation Instrument. Points are assessed according to length of sentence, seriousness of offense, violence in the offense, escape histories, substance abuse problems, conduct while incarcerated, etc, (Top 10 Department Facts, para. 11). Once these points have been assessed, a score is calculated to determine of the inmate should be housed in a minimum, medium, or maximum security facility. The score is then compared to security level criteria of the prisons to ensure the inmate is housed in the corr ect facility. For example, sex and violent offenders are not eligible to be placed into minimum security prisons therefore, they would be placed into medium or maximum security facilities based on their scores.According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics Report in Corrections Digest (2001), only 40% of the nations jails and prisons offer drug rehabilitation programs, (The Rehabilitation Dilemma in Texas County Jails, pg. 1). This report also suggests that only about half of the inmates receive drug treatment even though nearly 75 percent have substance abuse problems. The state of Indiana is one state that offers many rehabilitation programs to their inmates, such as substance abuse programs, vocational programs, educational programs, housing programs, family improvement programs, and humanitarian programs. By emphasising on character, education, family, housing, employment, and health, the corrections department is able to break down the barriers of re-entry and still be able to p romote earth safety.These programs focalization on reducing recidivism, rehabilitation, and re-entry into our communities. The Indiana Department of Corrections offers substance abuse programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Crystal Meth Anonymous, Clean Lifestyle is independence Forever ( bead), Outpatient Substance Abuse Program, and Therapeutic Communities (TC). Of these substance abuse programs, Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever and Therapeutic Communities have demonstrated a lordly impact on recidivism rates which are almost half that of the states overall recidivism rate for the inmates who prosperously complete the programs.Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever (CLIFF) is designed for inmates whose lives have been impaired by the use of methamphetamines. The programs lasts a minimum of eight months, 12 to 15 hours a day of behavioral counseling. It helps them to overcome their addiction, build sociable skills that are accepted in society, and job in terviewing skills. Therapeutic Communities (TC) is designed for inmates who have severe drug addictions. The format of Therapeutic Communities is much the same as the CLIFF program. Both CLIFF and TC programs also work on inmates personal and peer relationship skills in their recovery process.In order to prepare inmates for successful re-entry into society, Indiana Department of Correction also offers many educational programs. The Department found that approximately 34 percent of inmates are functionally illiterate. In the 2008/2009 school year, 4,658 inmates enrolled in the Literacy Education program. Of those, 1,264 demonstrated a sixth grade literacy level at the end of the school year. GED instruction is also offered to inmates. During the 2008/2009 school year, 4,658 inmates also enrolled in GED programs with 1,660 inmates successfully completed the program. If inmates decide to further their education and obtain a college degree, Indiana has a partnership with six colleges an d universities that offer on-site education. Each year there are about 1,000 inmates that receive their associate and bachelor degrees. However, it is up to the inmates to pay for their college education.The Indiana Department of Correction has also partnered with the Department of Labor to create Registered Apprenticeship programs to train inmates in industries such as construction, manufacturing, health care, electric, information technology, and telecommunications. This program connects qualified inmates with employers looking for qualified employees. This supports their re-entry into the community and can help them overcome the obstacles encountered by ex-offenders seeking employment, (Programs, para. 4). There are also Vocational Education programs, ranging from auto body to welding, that are available to inmates. There were 4,237 inmates who enrolled in Vocational Education programs and 2,133 received recognized certifications during the 2008/2009 school year.In order to enhan ce the relationship between inmates and their families, Department of Correction offers two programs, The Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) and the prudent Fatherhood Program. PREP encourages inmates to maintain and strengthen their relationship with their families. The Responsible Fatherhood Program provides inmates with the skills to be better fathers. This programs utilizes materials from the National Fatherhood Initiative, 24/7 Dad, and inwardly Out Dad to give offenders the skills they need to be better role models for their children.Indiana Department of Correction also offers a multitude of different humanitarian programs. The dog, cat, and horse rescue programs take hard to adopt dogs and cats from local animal shelters and work with them to become adoptable. The Thoroughbred Horse Retirement program rescues retired race horses from gratuitous abuse and slaughter. Inmates involved in the Indiana Canine Assistant program train assistance dogs for child ren and adults with physical and developmental disabilities. Shifting Gears refurbishes bicycles for children and adults in need of transportation, and Wheels for the humans restores donated wheelchairs and other rehabilitation equipment to be shipped overseas for disabled people. These programs teach the inmates how to work together, gives them skills to use when they get out of prison, and gives them a sense of pride for doing something to positively contribute to the community.The Department also offers a faith-based program, Purposeful Living Units Serve (PLUS) Program. The PLUS Program is a faith- and character-based community that encourages offenders to choose alternatives to criminal thinking and behavior by providing a focus on spiritual and character development, life-skills training, community service, and intentional preparation for living as law-abiding citizens, (Programs, para. 13).The rehabilitation programs in state prisons focus on important areas of character, ed ucation, employment, health, and family. However, the road to re-entry does not end there. Prior to an inmates release, there are quite a few steps that need to be taken to improve their chances at succeeding in society. Most prisons offer programs to soon-to-be-released inmates, such as housing programs, health services programs, and workforce programs, to name a few.Some prisons have partnered with state and county departments such as Family and well-disposed Services, Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Department of Workforce Development, Housing and Community Development Authority, Legal Services, State Department of Health, and the Social Security Administration to help inmates have a smoother transition into society. The Bureau of Motor Vehicles issues state identification cards to inmates prior to their release. Family and Social Services helps inmates apply for Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) so that they have access to medical care, food, a nd a little money to start their new life. The Department of Workforce Development aids inmates in finding employment. The Housing and Community Development Authority in Indiana has signed a instrument of Understanding to implement a program to provide rental subsidies to selected parolees in certain counties. Legal Services provide some legal assistance to inmates for hang drivers licenses and child support and the Social Security Administration helps inmates apply for Supplemental Security Income (SSI).When it comes to people in the correctional system, society fears those who escape from prison and those who are released from prison. nonetheless though the idea of an escaped prisoner is terrifying, we all know that law enforcement will have them back in prison before long. However, released inmates can be even more terrifying. They live among us, drive among us, and work with us. Of the thousands of inmates released from state and local facilities each year, approximately 67 p ercent will re-offend, be arrested again, and get put back in prison. That fact alone is terrifying.Indiana Department of Correction defines recidivism as an offender who is re-incarcerated within three years of being released from prison. There are quite a few theories floating around as to why ex-offenders recidivate. One theory is being labeled as a convict. A person being known as a convict, or even as an ex-convict, makes gaining employment extremely difficult, especially for those who are actually trying to tidy up out their lives. If an ex-convict is unable to find employment, they have no money and end up resorting to criminal activity in order to survive. Another theory is that some ex-convicts needed certain rehabilitation programs, but the programs were unavailable to them. Some ex-convicts believe that if they had received the assistance they needed while incarcerated, they would not have recidivated.Based on the most current published data collected from a 1994 study b y the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 70.7 percent of released offenders were arrested within three years of being released for committing a new crime, 45 percent were taken to court within two years of their release for committing a new crime, 23 percent were convicted of a new crime within a year of their release, 8.6 percent were put back in prison for a conviction of a new crime within six months, and 27.3 percent were convicted and re-incarcerated for a new crime within three years. (See Figure 1.)Figure 1.Prisoner RecidivismSource Date from Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoner Recidivism Analysis, 7 February 2011 Prison Reformation PlanThe reformation of our prison system is a must if we want to reduce crime and costs, properly rehabilitate offenders, and protect our communities. There are many people in the United States who feel that the prison system puts too much focus on punishment and not enough emphasis on rehabilitation and preparing inmates for re-entry into society. Violence, overcrowding, poor medical and mental health care, and numerous other issues have plagued the jails and prisons in the United States. In order to alleviate some of the problems in the prison system, a few changes are going to have to be made.All states need to have some version of the Three-Strikes Law. The Three-Strike law significantly increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of felonies who have been previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than a prison sentence, (The Three-Strikes and Youre Out Law, para. 3). One thing to remember is that all Three-Strikes cases require that the offender has had two previous serious or violent convictions. The prose excommunicationor is also required to file the offenders prior offenses along with the new charges. Judges and prosecutors do have the ability to strike previous offenses in cases that they think the o ffender is worthy. In most cases, a third strike is 25 years to life, not life in prison without the possibility of parole. As of 1996, there were 24 states with the Three-Strikes Law in affect.In California, the Three-Strikes Law was passed in 1994. A study was done by the California Department of Justice and the California Department of Corrections comparing crime rates ten years before the Three-Strikes Law and ten years after. From 1985 to 1993, there were approximately 8,825,353 crimes committed in California. From 1994 to 2002, there were only 6,780,964 crimes committed. To put the facts into a better perspective, from 1994 to 1996, California had 6,738 less murders 230,337 less robberies 1,283,088 less burglaries 18,571 less rapes and 101,379 less assaults. This added up to a savings of approximately $28.5 billion in California (A Decade of Difference, pg. 3).Inmates need to be required to have medical insurance prior to their release. Inmates need to be required to confront proof of medical insurance to the Department of Corrections before they are released from prison. Some states, like Indiana, have partnered with Family and Social Services to help inmates apply for Medicaid. Many people believe that ex-convicts have a better chance of not recidivating if they have access to proper medical care.Inmates need to have adequate health care in prison. Inmates need to know how to properly take care of their health and the first step to that is good medical treatment while incarcerated. Even small improvements in medical care could help reduce recidivism rates. Even though we can legally deprive inmates of their liberty, we cannot allow them to be neglected the medical care they need. Theres some alarming data that suggests that those inmates with chronic conditions dont get the care they need when incarcerated and thats 8th Amendment illegal, (Many in U.S. Prisons Lack Good Health Care, para. 15).There demand to be an education requirement for all inmate s. In order for an inmate to gain employment after their release, they need to have some type of an education. interrogation has found that released offenders who are employed with sustainable wages are less likely to end up back in the prison system. Whether it be their GED, high school diploma, or a vocational certification, it will help them transition into the community easier and they will be productive members of society.Low-level drug addicts need compulsory drug rehabilitation. Instead of sentencing low-level drug addicts to prison, they need to be given a choice between a prison sentence or a mandatory inpatient drug rehabilitation program, and, after successful completion, they should be put on parole for the remainder of their original sentence. Even if they choose prison over rehabilitation, they would still receive substance abuse treatment, the only difference would be they would be in prison sort of of out on parole. If Indiana took 100 low-level drug addicts out o f prison and gave them inpatient substance abuse treatment, such as the Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever or Therapeutic Communities programs, the state would save almost $2 million a year on prison costs.Judges need to have the flexibility to give shorter sentences to nonviolent offenders. Judges need to have the authority to give nonviolent offenders probation instead of a jail or a prison sentence. It costs an norm of $80 per day to incarcerate an offender however, it only costs about $3.50 per day for them to be on probation. Several states have already shown that it is possible to cut these costs and keep the public safe by keeping nonviolent offenders out of jails and prisons. States need to offer incentives to counties for them to handle nonviolent offenders at the county level instead of sending them into the prison system, which costs much more.States also need to eliminate their minimum sentencing laws for nonviolent crimes. These laws remove all discretion from judges w ho are the most intimately familiar with the facts of a case and who are well-positioned to know which defendants need to be in prison because they threaten public safety and which defendants would in fact not benefit from prison time, (Priority Issues Prisons, para. 8).States need to have geriatric release programs. There are approximately 200,000 inmates who are over 50 years old. The cost of keeping them in prison is high because they are in need of more medical treatment due to old age. Prisons are soundly bit into nursing homes for all of these older inmates, all paid for by the taxpayers.Rehabilitation Programs in Prisons. Most prisons have an abundance of rehabilitation programs available to inmates. Instead of prisons spending money to keep programs running that do not have a positive effect on inmate rehabilitation and recidivism rates, states should shut down those programs. By shutting down those programs, prisons can use that money to expand successful programs so that more inmates can benefit from the programs. By doing this, hopefully more inmates will be rehabilitated, which will have a positive effect on recidivism rates.In order to reduce recidivism rates and costs, enhance public safety, and to produce productive members of society, offenders need to be adequately rehabilitated. There are very few county facilities that offer rehabilitation programs and only 40 percent of prisons offer rehabilitation programs to their inmates. Considering the increase in incarceration rates over the past ten years, it is amazing that the corrections system still punishes inmates instead of correcting their behavior. The high cost of prisons might be worth it to the taxpayers if the recidivism rates were much lower, but since almost half of the released prisoners are expected to be back behind bars within three years, it simply does not seem worth it.The medical care for inmates is questionable in American prisons. There are some prisons that outsource medica l care to toffee-nosed companies, such as Correctional Medical Services. According to Wil S. Hylton, some of these private companies try to maximize their profits by giving minimal medical care to prisoners (Sick on the Inside, para. 10-11). An inmates medical care is an important part of their rehabilitation. They should be healthy and well taken care of while in prison so they can learn how to properly take care of themselves when they re-enter society. There are too many inmates suffering needless deaths because of a lack of adequate medical treatment.If the prison policies we have are not working even just 75 percent of the time and we know that there are better, more effective ways to rehabilitate, we need to change these policies. For example, crime rates have dropped in almost every state over the past seven years. Over the past seven years, Floridas incarceration rate has increased 16 percent, while New Yorks decreased 16 percent. Yet the crime rate in New York has travel twice as much as Floridas, (Saving Money, Saving Lives, para. 11). Even though New York spent less on their prisons, their state had better public safety than Florida. Citizens in the United States need to know that we can change our prison system to save money and keep them safe at the same time. We all have a responsibility to create safe, productive, and humane correctional facilities. With so much at stake for our citizens health and safety, with so many people direct affected by the conditions in our prisons and jails, this is the moment to confront confinement in the United States, (Summary of Findings and Recommendations, pg. 7).